- “African Philosophy.” – New World Encyclopedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 02 Oct. 2012. <http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/African_philosophy>.
This source conveys the African philosophy of different cultures perceptions of time in relation to their religion. It talks about the existence of only the past and the present, and it states that the future does not exist because those events have not taken place yet. It mentions that there is no future salvation, but instead an afterlife.
- Ellenskii. “Perception of Time in Different Cultures.” Scribd. N.p., n.d. Web. 02 Oct. 2012. <http://www.scribd.com/doc/24699041/Perception-of-Time-in-Different-Cultures>.
This is an essay that focuses on time perception in different cultures. It touches on the small country of Burundi in Central Africa and their lack of clocks. They choose not to base appointments and their perception of time off of a clock, but rather the natural cycles of life. It is completely acceptable for someone to be an hour ahead or behind the specified time.
- “African Time.” Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 24 Sept. 2012. Web. 02 Oct. 2012. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_time>.
Time in Africa is much more relaxed than in busy, more western areas such a New York City. Africa is said to have an “emotional time consciousness” which contrasts with Western “mechanical time consciousness”. African cultures follow a “polychronic” way of living, which means people tend to manage more than one thing at a time rather than in a strict sequence.
- “Sweet Chariot: The Story of the Spirituals.” Sweet Chariot: The Story of the Spirituals. N.p., n.d. Web. 02 Oct. 2012. <http://ctl.du.edu/spirituals/literature/time.cfm>.
This site focuses on the idea that African time does not more forward as many cultures do, but instead, it moves backwards. Time is not linear and it only consists of actual events that have already taken place, not events that will later take place. The future does not exist.
- “Achievement and Time Perception – a South African Perspective.” Taylor and Francis. N.p., n.d. Web. 02 Oct. 2012. <http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02580144.1994.10426530>.
This site recognizes the fact that Africans view time in a much more relaxed fashion than those of the western cultures. It also recognizes that Africans produce a low productivity rate and struggle to produce revenue. This website consists of a poll that was taken that produced the conclusion that Africans need to change their perception on time in order to make greater achievements. They need to maximize and utilize their time better in order if they want to do better for themselves.
- “Rhythm in Sub-Saharan Africa.” Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 09 May 2012. Web. 02 Oct. 2012. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythm_in_Sub-Saharan_Africa>.
This site pertains to musical time in Sub- Saharan Africa in reference with African drumming. It talks about rhythm suggesting stages of life and emotions that people go through. “cross beats” represent challenges in life.