“5 Ways Elite-College Admissions Shut Out Poor Kids.” NPR.Org, https://www.npr.org/sections/ed/2016/01/15/462149341/5-ways-elite-college-admissions-squeeze-out-poor-kids. Accessed 26 Mar. 2018.
“Abigail Fisher Is Now Becky with the Bad Grades.” NY Daily News, http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/abigail-fisher-becky-bad-grades-article-1.2685865. Accessed 11 Apr. 2018.
Adelman, Clifford. “Why Can’t We Stop Talking About the SAT?” The Chronicle of Higher Education, Nov. 1999. The Chronicle of Higher Education, https://www.chronicle.com/article/Why-Cant-We-Stop-Talking/2443.
Alexander, Larry. “Fair Equality of Opportunity: John Rawls' (Best) Forgotten Principle.” Philosophy Research Archives, vol. 11, 1985, pp. 197–208.
Application Requirements | Harvard College. https://college.harvard.edu/admissions/application-requirements. Accessed 7 Mar. 2018.
Arneson, Richard. “Against Rawlsian Equality of Opportunity.” Philosophical Studies, vol. 93, no. 1, 1999, pp. 77–112.
Ashkenas, Jeremy, et al. “Even With Affirmative Action, Blacks and Hispanics Are More Underrepresented at Top Colleges Than 35 Years Ago.” The New York Times, 24 Aug. 2017. NYTimes.com, https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/08/24/us/affirmative-action.html, https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/08/24/us/affirmative-action.html.
Atkinson, Richard C., and Saul Geiser. “Reflections on a Century of College Admissions Tests.” Educational Researcher, vol. 38, no. 9, Dec. 2009, pp. 665–76. CrossRef, doi:10.3102/0013189X09351981.
Banks-Santilli, Linda. “First-Generation College Students and Their Pursuit of the American Dream.” Journal of Case Studies in Higher Education, vol. 5, Jan. 2015, http://www.aabri.com/manuscripts/131657.pdf.
Beale, Andrew. “The Evolution of College Admissions Requirements.” The National ACAC Journal, vol. 15, no. 3, p. 3.
“Black First-Year Students at the Nation’s Leading Research Universities.” The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education, 31 Jan. 2018, https://www.jbhe.com/2018/01/black-first-year-students-at-nations-leading-research-universities/.
Brownstein, Janie Boschma and Ronald. “The Concentration of Poverty in American Schools.” The Atlantic, Feb. 2016. The Atlantic, https://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2016/02/concentration-poverty-american-schools/471414/.
Carlson, Scott. How Enrollment Challenges Can Spur Change – The Chronicle of Higher Education. https://www.chronicle.com/article/How-Enrollment-Challenges-Can/242276. Accessed 31 Jan. 2018.
Carter, Jarrett L. “No Greater Waste of Money Than an HBCU.” Huffington Post, 28 Mar. 2014, https://www.huffingtonpost.com/jarrett-l-carter/hbcu-return-on-investment_b_5049115.html.
Clayton, Matthew. “Rawls and Natural Aristocracy.” Croatian Journal of Philosophy, no. 3, 2001, pp. 239–59.
Cole, Jonathan R. “Why Elite-College Admissions Need an Overhaul.” The Atlantic, Feb. 2016. The Atlantic, https://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2016/02/whats-wrong-with-college-admissions/462063/.
College Completion Rates Vary by Race and Ethnicity, Report Finds. https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2017/04/26/college-completion-rates-vary-race-and-ethnicity-report-finds. Accessed 4 Apr. 2018.
“Colleges With Need-Blind Admissions.” Edvisors, https://www.edvisors.com/plan-for-college/college-admissions/need-blind-admissions/. Accessed 25 Apr. 2018.
Does Affirmative Action Do What It Should? – The New York
Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/17/opinion/sunday/does-affirmative-action-do-what-it-should.html?mtrref=www.google.com&assetType=opinion&mtrref=undefined&gwh=6466A8CA963EC5DE742863BDF0B719F3&gwt=pay&assetType=opinion. Accessed 28 Apr. 2018.
England, Jason. “Admissions Confidential.” The Chronicle of Higher Education, Dec. 2017. The Chronicle of Higher Education, https://www.chronicle.com/article/Confessions-of-an-Admissions/241919.
Factbook2007-08.Pdf. https://ifx.richmond.edu/pdfs/factbook2007-08.pdf. Accessed 18 Feb. 2018.
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, and Su Jin Jez. “Not All College Is Equal When It Comes to Wealth and Race.” Review, vol. 99, no. 1, 2017, pp. 45–51. CrossRef, doi:10.20955/r.2017.45-51.
First-Generation Students – PNPI. http://pnpi.org/first-generation-students/. Accessed 7 Mar. 2018.
“Fisher v. University of Texas.” Oyez, https://www.oyez.org/cases/2015/14-981. Accessed 11 Apr. 2018.
Flanigan, William, and Michael Xie. 2,056 Accepted to Harvard Class of 2021 | News | The Harvard Crimson. http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2017/3/31/harvard-regular-admissions-2017/. Accessed 13 Feb. 2018.
Foley, Nadirah Farah. “A Radical Plan to Combat Inequality in College Admissions.” Pacific Standard, https://psmag.com/education/a-radical-plan-to-combat-inequality-in-college-admissions. Accessed 23 Apr. 2018.
Freemark, Samara. The History of HBCUs in America | American RadioWorks |. http://www.americanradioworks.org/segments/hbcu-history/. Accessed 30 Apr. 2018.
Friedman, Jordan. “Explore College Admission Trends at Top National Universities in 4 Graphs.” US News & World Report, 22 Sept. 2016, https://www.usnews.com/education/best-colleges/articles/2016-09-22/explore-college-admissions-trends-at-top-national-universities-in-4-graphs.
Geiser, Saul. “Back to the Basics: In Defense of Achievement (and Achievement Tests) in College Admissions.” Change: The Magazine of Higher Learning, vol. 41, no. 1, Jan. 2009, pp. 16–23. CrossRef, doi:10.3200/CHNG.41.1.16-23.
Goldfarb, Zachary A. “These Four Charts Show How the SAT Favors Rich, Educated Families.” Washington Post, 5 Mar. 2014. www.washingtonpost.com, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2014/03/05/these-four-charts-show-how-the-sat-favors-the-rich-educated-families/.
Green, Lloyd. How Affirmative Action Became an Upper-Middle Class Benefit. https://www.thedailybeast.com/how-affirmative-action-became-an-upper-middle-class-benefit. Accessed 16 Apr. 2018.
“Grutter v. Bollinger.” Oyez, https://www.oyez.org/cases/2002/02-241. Accessed 10 Apr. 2018.
“Grutter v. Bollinger, 539 U.S. 306 (2003).” Justia Law, https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/539/306/case.html. Accessed 10 Apr. 2018.
Gurin, Patricia. The Educational Value of Diversity. p. 92.
Halikias, Richard V. Reeves and Dimitrios. “Race Gaps in SAT Scores Highlight Inequality and
Hinder Upward Mobility.” Brookings, 1 Feb. 2017, https://www.brookings.edu/research/race-gaps-in-sat-scores-highlight-inequality-and-hinder-upward-mobility/.
Hernandez, Michele. “Tips for First-Generation College Applicants.” The Choice Blog, 11 Feb. 2013, https://thechoice.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/02/11/tips-for-first-generation-college-applicants/
Hoover, Eric. “Colleges Should Compete Less and Collaborate More in Admissions, Report Says.” The Chronicle of Higher Education, Sept. 2011. The Chronicle of Higher Education, https://www.chronicle.com/article/Colleges-Should-Compete-Less/128890.
—. “Reading an Application in Under 10 Minutes? Way Too Fast, One Admissions Dean Says.” The Chronicle of Higher Education, Feb. 2018. The Chronicle of Higher Education, https://www.chronicle.com/article/Reading-an-Application-in/242418.
—. “The Changing Environment for College Admissions.” The Chronicle of Higher Education, Nov. 2002. The Chronicle of Higher Education, https://www.chronicle.com/article/The-Changing-Environment-for/4274.
—. “The ‘Coalition’ Application Has Arrived.” The Chronicle of Higher Education, Aug. 2016. The Chronicle of Higher Education, https://www.chronicle.com/article/The-Coalition-/237321.
—. “Wait, Will Anyone Investigate Legacy Admissions?” The Chronicle of Higher Education, Aug. 2017. The Chronicle of Higher Education, https://www.chronicle.com/article/Wait-Will-Anyone-Investigate/240850.
—. “What Colleges Want in an Applicant (Everything).” The New York Times, 1 Nov. 2017. NYTimes.com, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/01/education/edlife/what-college-admissions-wants.html.
—. Why Is a College-Admissions Code of Ethics Such a Big Deal? – The Chronicle of Higher Education. https://www.chronicle.com/article/Why-Is-a-College-Admissions/242209. Accessed 31 Jan. 2018.
“How Racially Diverse Schools and Classrooms Can Benefit All Students.” The Century Foundation, 9 Feb. 2016, https://tcf.org/content/report/how-racially-diverse-schools-and-classrooms-can-benefit-all-students/.
Jacobs, Peter. “Wealthy Kids Have A Huge Advantage On The SAT.” Business Insider, http://www.businessinsider.com/wealthy-advantage-sat-2014-10. Accessed 25 Apr. 2018.
Jaschick, Scott. Study Finds Little Difference in Academic Success of Students Who Do and Don’t Submit SAT or ACT. https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2014/02/19/study-finds-little-difference-academic-success-students-who-do-and-dont-submit-sat. Accessed 26 Apr. 2018.
Jefferson, Thomas. The Declaration of Independence | Historic American Documents | Thomas Jefferson | Lit2Go ETC. http://etc.usf.edu/lit2go/133/historic-american-documents/4957/the-declaration-of-independence/. Accessed 16 Apr. 2018.
Jeremy Anderberg. “Is College for Everyone? An Introduction and Timeline of College in America.” The Art of Manliness, 5 Mar. 2014, https://www.artofmanliness.com/2014/03/05/is-college-for-everyone-an-introduction-and-timeline-of-college-in-america/.
Kahlenberg, Richard D. “Affirmative Action Based on Income.” Washington Post, 8 Nov. 2012. www.washingtonpost.com, https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/affirmative-action-based-on-income/2012/11/08/a519f67e-17e9-11e2-9855-71f2b202721b_story.html.
Kamenetz, Anya. “5 Ways Elite-College Admissions Shut Out Poor Kids.” NPR.Org, https://www.npr.org/sections/ed/2016/01/15/462149341/5-ways-elite-college-admissions-squeeze-out-poor-kids. Accessed 26 Mar. 2018.
Kaufman, Clare. “The History of Higher Education in the United States.” Worldwidelearn.Com, https://www.worldwidelearn.com/education-advisor/indepth/history-higher-education.php. Accessed 19 Feb. 2018.
Kolodner, Meredith. College Degree Gap Grows Wider between Whites, Blacks and Latinos – The Hechinger Report. http://hechingerreport.org/25368-2/. Accessed 16 Apr. 2018.
Leonhardt, David. “Opinion | Rethinking Affirmative Action.” The New York Times, 13 Oct. 2012. NYTimes.com, https://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/14/sunday-review/rethinking-affirmative-action.html.
Lockett, Cierra. “Why We Should Retire the HBCU vs. PWI Debate.” Huffington Post, 12 Nov. 2015, https://www.huffingtonpost.com/cierra-lockett/why-we-should-retire-the-_b_8539180.html.
Lyndon B. Johnson: Commencement Address at Howard University: “To Fulfill These Rights.” http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=27021. Accessed 15 Apr. 2018.
Mangan, Katherine. “The Challenge of the First-Generation Student.” The Chronicle of Higher Education, May 2015. The Chronicle of Higher Education, https://www.chronicle.com/article/The-Challenge-of-the/230137.
“Many Colleges Offer Affirmative Action for the Rich and Powerful.” Money, http://time.com/money/3767166/college-admissions-rich-advantage-inequality/. Accessed 23 Apr. 2018.
Marx, Paul. “Why We Need the SAT.” The Chronicle of Higher Education, June 2002. The Chronicle of Higher Education, https://www.chronicle.com/article/Why-We-Need-the-SAT/31358.
Massie, Victoria M. “Do White People Want Merit-Based Admissions Policies? Depends on Their Competition.” Vox, 22 May 2016, https://www.vox.com/2016/5/22/11704756/affirmative-action-merit.
Miklosi, Zoltan. “How Does the Difference Principle Make a Difference?” Res Publica, vol. 16, no. 3, 2010, pp. 263–80.
Mitchell, Dr Brian C. “Increasing College Diversity.” Huffington Post, 18 Aug. 2014, https://www.huffingtonpost.com/dr-brian-c-mitchell/increasing-college-divers_b_5687634.html.
Nelson, Libby. “College Admissions Is Broken. Here’s How to Fix It.” Vox, 7 Apr. 2015, https://www.vox.com/2015/4/7/8355247/college-admissions-terrible-preferences.
New Research Suggests That SAT Under- or Overpredicts First-Year Grades for Hundreds of Thousands. https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2016/01/26/new-research-suggests-sat-under-or-overpredicts-first-year-grades-hundreds-thousands. Accessed 26 Apr. 2018.
Norris, Floyd. “Fewer U.S. Graduates Opt for College After High School.” The New York Times, 25 Apr. 2014. NYTimes.com, https://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/26/business/fewer-us-high-school-graduates-opt-for-college.html.
Obama, Barack. Remarks by the President in State of Union Address | Whitehouse.Gov. https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2011/01/25/remarks-president-state-union-address. Accessed 30 Apr. 2018.
O’brien, Colleen. Straight From the Source: What Works for First-Generation College Students. p. 48.
Orentlicher, David. “Economic Inequality and College Admissions Policies.” SSRN Electronic Journal, 2015. Crossref, doi:10.2139/ssrn.2642533.
Overall Diversity at The University of Texas at Austin. https://www.collegefactual.com/colleges/the-university-of-texas-at-austin/student-life/diversity/chart-overall-diversity.html. Accessed 11 Apr. 2018.
Peterkin, Caitlin. “Study Finds Link Between SAT Scores and Freshman Grades.” The Chronicle of Higher Education, Sept. 2012. The Chronicle of Higher Education, https://www.chronicle.com/article/Study-Finds-Link-Between-SAT/134406.
Powell, Farran. “How Competitive Is College Admissions?” US News & World Report, https://www.usnews.com/education/best-colleges/articles/2016-09-22/how-competitive-is-college-admissions. Accessed 18 Feb. 2018.
Rawls, John. A Theory of Justice, Revised Edition. Oxford University Press, 1999.
Recovery2020.ES_.Web_.Pdf. https://cew.georgetown.edu/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Recovery2020.ES_.Web_.pdf. Accessed 28 Apr. 2018.
Rothwell, Jonathan. “The Stubborn Race and Class Gaps in College Quality.” Brookings, 18 Dec. 2015, https://www.brookings.edu/research/the-stubborn-race-and-class-gaps-in-college-quality/.
Rumberger, Russell W., and Scott L. Thomas. “The Economic Returns to College Major, Quality and Performance: A Multilevel Analysis of Recent Graduates.” Economics of Education Review, vol. 12, no. 1, Mar. 1993, pp. 1–19. CrossRef, doi:10.1016/0272-7757(93)90040-N.
Sachs, Benjamin. “The Limits of Fair Equality of Opportunity.” Philosophical Studies, vol. 160, no. 2, 2012, pp. 323–43.
Schmidt, Peter. Poll Finds Most Americans Oppose Affirmative Action When Defined as “Preferences” – The Chronicle of Higher Education. https://www.chronicle.com/article/Poll-Finds-Most-Americans/47684. Accessed 26 Mar. 2018.
Shaevitz, Marjorie Hansen. “Why Is College Admissions Such a Mess?” Huffington Post, 29 Mar. 2016, https://www.huffingtonpost.com/marjorie-hansen-shaevitz/why-is-college-admissions_b_9535524.html.
Shiffrin, Seana. “Race, Labor, and the Fair Equality of Opportunity Principle.” Fordham L. Rev., vol. 72, 2003, p. 1643.
Slater, Dan. “Opinion | Does Affirmative Action Do What It Should?” The New York Times, 16 Mar. 2013. NYTimes.com, https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/17/opinion/sunday/does-affirmative-
Stuart Wells, Amy. “How Racially Diverse Schools and Classrooms Can Benefit All Students.” The Century Foundation, 9 Feb. 2016, https://tcf.org/content/report/how-racially-diverse-schools-and-classrooms-can-benefit-all-students/.
Taylor, Bev. “Need Blind Admissions Is a Lie.” Huffington Post, 24 July 2014, https://www.huffingtonpost.com/bev-taylor/need-blind-admissions-is-_b_5615698.html.
Taylor, Robert. “Self-Realization and the Priority of Fair Equality of Opportunity.” Journal of Moral Philosophy, vol. 1, no. 3, 2004, pp. 333–47.
The American Dream | Definition of The American Dream by Merriam-Webster. https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/the%20American%20dream. Accessed 30 Apr. 2018.
“The Case Against the SAT.” US News & World Report, https://www.usnews.com/opinion/articles/2013/09/06/why-the-sats-shouldnt-be-a-factor-in-college-admissions. Accessed 23 Apr. 2018.
“The College Admissions Process Is Broken.” US News & World Report, https://www.usnews.com/opinion/knowledge-bank/articles/2017-06-19/the-college-application-process-works-for-no-one. Accessed 20 Mar. 2018.
“The History of HBCUs.” Get Schooled, https://getschooled.com/dashboard/article/3564-the-history-of-hbcus. Accessed 19 Feb. 2018.
Upward Bound – Virginia State University. http://www.vsu.edu/academics/special-programs/upward-bound/index.php. Accessed 26 Apr. 2018.
Urist, Jacoba. “Is College Really Harder to Get Into Than It Used To Be?” The Atlantic, Apr. 2014. The Atlantic, https://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2014/04/is-college-really-harder-to-get-into-than-it-used-to-be/360114/.
Voters Say It’s Time to End Affirmative Action – Capital Journal – WSJ. https://blogs.wsj.com/capitaljournal/2009/06/03/voters-say-it%E2%80%99s-time-to-end-affirmative-action/. Accessed 26 Mar. 2018.
Wassink, Stephanie Klein. “What Really Goes on in a College Admissions Office?” Time, Feb. 2016. time.com, http://time.com/money/collection-post/4227671/what-really-goes-on-in-a-college-admissions-office/.
Wealthy Kids Have A Huge Advantage On The SAT – Business Insider. http://www.businessinsider.com/wealthy-advantage-sat-2014-10. Accessed 23 Apr. 2018.
What Does “Need-Blind” Really Mean? https://www.collegexpress.com/articles-and-advice/financial-aid/blog/what-does-need-blind-really-mean/. Accessed 25 Apr. 2018.
White, Gillian B. “Does Going to a Selective College Matter?” The Atlantic, Aug. 2015. The
Why Colleges and Universities Need Affirmative Action Programs (Essay) | Inside Higher Ed. https://www.insidehighered.com/views/2017/08/15/why-colleges-and-universities-need-affirmative-action-programs-essay. Accessed 23 Apr. 2018.
Wong, Alia. What Values Really Matter in the College Application Process? – The Atlantic. https://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2016/03/college-admissions-narcissists/475722/. Accessed 20 Mar. 2018.
—. “Where College Admissions Went Wrong.” The Atlantic, Mar. 2016. The Atlantic, https://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2016/03/college-admissions-narcissists/475722/.
Yudof, Mark G., and Rachel F. Moran. “Affirmative Action: Why Now and What’s Next?” The Chronicle of Higher Education, Aug. 2017. The Chronicle of Higher Education, https://www.chronicle.com/article/Affirmative-Action-Why-Now/240843.