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Contrasting the cultural perspective On Evidence and Argumentation as a way of reasoning between the American and Ghanaian approach using References from Althen “American Ways ” for Americans and my lived experiences in Ghana (Where I’m from and grew up). 

March 23rd, 2024.

 

In a world where global connectivity has become the norm rather than the exception, the difference in which we communicate and argue across cultures differs from one country to another and has never been more important to comprehend. Central to this intercultural exchange is the role of evidence in shaping our discussions, debates, and speech. Althen in his book “American Ways”, illuminates resourceful exploitation into the American cultural framework, which offers a valuable and resourceful perspective for this comprehensive analysis between Americans and other countries like Japan. While he did not talk about Ghanaians, I will reference my life-lived experiences and analyze the differences between Americans.

Gary Althen, in his insightful work, “American Ways: A Guide for Foreigners in the United States,” highlights the American penchant for quantifiable facts and a linear reasoning process as foundational to effective argumentation (Althen and Bennett, 2011). This preference stems from a broader cultural emphasis on individualism and the empirical tradition of the Enlightenment, which vaporizes scientific reasoning and objective evidence. In the American educational system, students are taught to build their arguments like a scaffold, where each fact acts as a support beam for the overarching thesis. This methodological approach ensures that arguments are structured, predictable, and, most importantly, verifiable. In professional settings, this manifests in a reliance on data, statistics, and explicit linkages between cause and effect. Althen notes that Americans tend to be skeptical of arguments that rely heavily on anecdotal evidence or emotional appeals, viewing them as less legitimate or persuasive. This can be seen in the legal system’s emphasis on ‘beyond a reasonable doubt’ and in academic research’s peer review processes, which prioritize methodological rigor and replicability. An example of how Americans use evidence in their speech, debates, or discussions is shown in the picture below.

In contrast with the American emphasis on facts, data, quantities, ranking, or amounts, as a way of reasoning, the Ghanaian approach to argumentation, discussions, and even speech is deeply rooted in storytelling and communal validation. Growing up in a Ghanaian home, school, and community, evidence is often presented through narratives that encapsulate moral lessons, historical precedents, and communal wisdom. These stories do not merely serve to entertain; they are a vehicle for transmitting values, norms, and ethical guidelines across generations. For example, whenever my mom or an elderly person gives me advice, they always use someone’s life experience as a reference. This can be a person whom I have no knowledge about and can’t even find online when I search but I need to believe that and act accordingly.

Also, in discussions, speech, and arguments, the effectiveness of an argument in this context is measured not only by its logical consistency but also by its ability to resonate with the audience’s shared experiences and collective memory. This approach underscores the importance of relational harmony and social cohesion, reflecting a worldview where the community’s well-being is prioritized over individual interests. In such a setting, the persuasiveness of evidence is intricately linked to the speaker’s ability to weave together personal anecdotes, cultural references, and communal values into a coherent and compelling narrative. The pictures below illustrate how when growing up, elders give speeches, discussions, and even debates based on storytelling and lived experiences and usually this is done by sitting beside a fire at home.

These differences in ways of reasoning between the Americans and Ghanaians highlight a deeper cultural divergence regarding the nature of truth, the role of the individual versus the community, and the pathways to knowledge. While the American approach prioritizes objective analysis and the deconstruction of arguments into verifiable components, the Ghanaian approach values the holistic integration of knowledge, emphasizing relational dynamics and communal consensus.

Diversity

Topic 5 Diversity.

3/2/2024

Now that we have studied diversity and explored identity in the U.S., you may have had some time to think about how these concepts are shaped in the U.S. You have watched videos about identity and diversity: Current Issues Facing Muslim Americans and possibly The American Dream from Asian Students’ Perspectives. You also watched the TED talk The Danger of a Single Story, about cultural identity. Some questions you can ask yourself: What do you think of the diversity in the U.S.? Is your country similar in its journey with diversity? What is your perception of the gifts and challenges of a diverse nation? In your responses, please refer to at least two of the videos above and two of your classmates’ presentations.

 

Reflecting on the concept of diversity and identity in the United States of America as a Ghanaian, I am surprised and overwhelmed by the rich culture, race, and background identities that make America unique. After reading the book by Althen “The American Ways, listening to my classmates’ presentations, and watching the videos about identity and diversity, I will describe America as a country of a kaleidoscope of rich and valued experiences and this is because, it is a mosaic of cultures, languages, and histories. It is a place where people from all corners of the globe converge, bringing with them their unique perspectives, traditions, and dreams. For example, there was a mass migration of Thais to America and a chain migration of the Chaldean to America. The diversity in America is palpable—from the Amish, Asian, and Muslim to specific foods, songs, and values and it is a nation where the richness lies not only in its landscapes but also in the stories etched into the hearts of its people.

In the video and slides “Current Issues Facing Muslim Americans,” I gained insights into the struggles and resilience of Muslim communities navigating their identities in a post-9/11 world. The challenges they face—stereotyping, discrimination, and the constant need to prove their loyalty—are poignant reminders of the complexities of being both American and Muslim. Yet, amidst adversity, there is a spirit of unity and determination. Muslim Americans contribute significantly to the fabric of this nation, whether as doctors, engineers, artists, or activists. Their stories remind me that diversity is not merely about tolerance; it is about celebrating the myriad ways we express our humanity. These same experiences can be seen with the Thai Americans who had three stages of immigration to the USA and have been labeled as refugees rather than immigrants and sometimes referred to as Koreans, Vietnamese, or Chinese Americans.

 

In Ghana, our journey with diversity has its own contours. Our history bears the scars of colonialism, slavery, and tribal conflicts. We are a nation of over 100 ethnic groups with distinct languages, customs, and beliefs. Our diversity is not always harmonious; it has been tested by political strife and economic disparities. Yet, like the U.S., we find strength in our differences. Our kente cloth, vibrant festivals, and communal spirit bind us together. We celebrate our unity in diversity during events like Homowo (celebrated by the Ewe ethnic group), Odwira (celebrated by the Fante ethnic group), and Adae Kese (celebrated by my ethnic group called the Ashantis), In these festivals, where we honor our ancestors, perform traditional dance, cook traditional dishes, and renew our commitment to shared progress. So, when we embrace different perspectives, we expand our horizons. Ghana’s music draws from highlife, hiplife, and gospel; our literature echoes the voices of Ama Ata Aidoo, Ayi Kwei Armah, and Kwame Nkrumah. Similarly, the U.S. thrives on its fusion of cultures—jazz, hip-hop, Hollywood, and Silicon Valley—all products of diverse minds collaborating. Our shared humanity transcends borders, and our collective creativity knows no bounds.

Below are some pictures of Kente cloth, traditional festivals and traditional foods in Ghana from different ethnic groups.

 

What Is Kente Cloth? A Look at the African Textile15 Popular Festivals in Ghana, The Regions and People Who Celebrate ItGule Wamkulu - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCOGhana’s Traditional Festivals: A View into Our Unique Cultural Heritage ...

10 Traditional Ghanaian Dishes You Need To Try10 Traditional Ghanaian Dishes You Need To Try12 Traditional Ghanaian Foods to Introduce you to the Country’s ...

 

However, diversity also presents challenges. Stereotypes persist, perpetuating single stories. Just as Adichie warned, reducing any group to a single narrative erases their complexity. I believe that embracing diversity requires us to recognize and celebrate the multiplicity of voices and experiences within our communities. It requires us to challenge our preconceptions and biases and to actively seek out diverse perspectives to gain a more nuanced understanding of the world. In both Ghana and the U.S., we must dismantle these narratives. Education is our ally—the antidote to ignorance. By learning about one another, we dispel myths and build bridges.

 

To conclude, diversity is not a static state; it is a dynamic dance of cultures, languages, and dreams. As a Ghanaian, I celebrate the U.S.’s kaleidoscope of identities while recognizing that our journey toward understanding and unity continues.