\nDec 29, 1956<\/strong> Creation of the Pupil Placement Board
\n1956-8 <\/strong>Oliver Hill leads court case against PPB
\nMar 1, 1960<\/strong> Local option PPB goes into effect, board resigns
\nAug 15, 1960<\/strong> PPB assigns 2 children to white school on proximity
\nSep, 1960<\/strong> Of 200K black pupils in VA, 170 were in white schools
\nSep. 1963<\/strong> Of 26K black pupils in Richmond, 320 in white schools
\nMar. 1963<\/strong> Feeder system and dual zoning abolished
\nMar 16, 1964<\/strong> Freedom of Choice Act approved.
\nTake-away: Tokenism was proving effective at stalling desegregation.<\/em><\/p>\n
Myth of Operation 1966-71<\/strong> The Busing Experiment 1971-73<\/strong> In the end, was Brown working? Before Merhige’s dramatic attempt to integrate, 30% of blacks were in white schools. Equally interesting, would his plan have worked? How do the different factors of housing, tokenism, and local government play a role in this era?<\/p>\n Gov. Holton brings his daughter to Kennedy High School. <\/p><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" John McAuliff The Color of their Skin, Robert Pratt For this blog I’ve decided to break down the chapters into three timelines, since Pratt is dense and a lover of tangents. What seemed like a simple prospect resulted in a … Continue reading
\nJun 30, 1966<\/strong> PPB expires
\nJan 1 1970<\/strong> Richmond annexes dominantly white Chesterfield
\nJan 1970<\/strong> School board expands (5 to 7) with three blacks
\n1970 <\/strong>FoC fails. 85% of blacks attend black schools in its final year
\n1970 <\/strong>Grade pairing attempt fails because black and white schools are not close by
\nAug 31, 1970<\/strong> Third plan fails as 5,000 don’t show up
\nJan, 1971<\/strong> Merhige declares past plans a failure, integration slows at 30%
\nApr 5, 1971<\/strong> Merhige orders schools to have same black to white ratio throughout
\nTake-away: Clever subterfuge and housing discrimination slows desegregation, but by 1971 Merhige orders a bold step forward.<\/em><\/p>\n
\nAug 1970<\/strong> Gov. Holton escorts white daughter to black school
\nApr 21, 1971<\/strong> Swann finds local gov\u2019t unwilling to desegregate, allows Merhige bus plan
\n1971<\/strong> Conservatives Rehnquist and Powell appointed to Supreme Court, shifting power
\nJan 10, 1972<\/strong> Merhige merges county and city schools to expand busing
\nJun 5, 1972<\/strong> Appeals court overturns Merhige
\nMay 21, 1973 <\/strong>Supreme Court hears case and votes to do nothing, letting the appeals court decision stay
\nTake-away: The dramatic decisions of Merhige that would have integrated schools were supported by the Republican moderate Holton, but eventually shot down by the more conservative Supreme Court.<\/em><\/p>\n![\"\"](\"http:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/s12ldst304\/files\/2012\/04\/holton.jpg\")
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