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translation and commentary by Ava Scott (’26)<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_fullwidth_header][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ inner_shadow=”on” _builder_version=”4.16″ vertical_offset_tablet=”0″ horizontal_offset_tablet=”0″ z_index_tablet=”0″ box_shadow_horizontal_tablet=”0px” box_shadow_vertical_tablet=”0px” box_shadow_blur_tablet=”40px” box_shadow_spread_tablet=”0px” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ _builder_version=”4.16″ global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_text admin_label=”Trans. Title” _builder_version=”4.16″ vertical_offset_tablet=”0″ horizontal_offset_tablet=”0″ z_index_tablet=”0″ text_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” text_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” text_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” link_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” link_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” link_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” ul_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” ul_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” ul_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” ol_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” ol_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” ol_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” quote_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” quote_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” quote_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” header_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” header_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” header_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” header_2_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” header_2_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” header_2_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” header_3_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” header_3_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” header_3_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” header_4_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” header_4_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” header_4_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” header_5_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” header_5_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” header_5_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” header_6_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” header_6_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” header_6_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” box_shadow_horizontal_tablet=”0px” box_shadow_vertical_tablet=”0px” box_shadow_blur_tablet=”40px” box_shadow_spread_tablet=”0px” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text admin_label=”Translation” _builder_version=”4.27.0″ background_color=”#ffffff” vertical_offset_tablet=”0″ horizontal_offset_tablet=”0″ height=”450px” overflow-x=”scroll” custom_padding=”10px|10px|10px|10px” z_index_tablet=”0″ text_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” text_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” text_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” link_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” link_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” link_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” ul_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” ul_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” ul_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” ol_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” ol_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” ol_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” quote_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” quote_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” quote_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” header_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” header_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” header_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” header_2_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” header_2_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” header_2_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” header_3_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” header_3_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” header_3_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” header_4_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” header_4_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” header_4_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” header_5_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” header_5_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” header_5_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” header_6_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” header_6_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” header_6_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” box_shadow_horizontal_tablet=”0px” box_shadow_vertical_tablet=”0px” box_shadow_blur_tablet=”40px” box_shadow_spread_tablet=”0px” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n
Xenophanes 1<\/b><\/p>\n
1 \u00a0 <\/b>Now the floor is clean, and everyone\u2019s hands,<\/span><\/p>\n 2 \u00a0 <\/b>and the cups. One person dons wreaths,<\/span><\/p>\n 3 \u00a0 <\/b>and another passes along sweet-smelling perfume in a saucer.<\/span><\/p>\n 4 \u00a0 <\/b>The mixing-bowl stands full of cheer.<\/span><\/p>\n 5 \u00a0 <\/b>Wine is at the ready, which promises never to run out;<\/span><\/p>\n 6 \u00a0 <\/b>it is mild in its jars and fragrant like a flowery bouquet.<\/span><\/p>\n 7 \u00a0 <\/b>In the middle of it all, frankincense sets forth a sacred scent,<\/span><\/p>\n 8 \u00a0 <\/b>and there is frigid, sweet, pure water.<\/span><\/p>\n 9 \u00a0 <\/b>Golden loaves lie close by, and a divine table<\/span><\/p>\n 10 <\/b>is laden with cheese and thick honey.<\/span><\/p>\n 11 <\/b>In the center, an altar is fully covered with flowers,<\/span><\/p>\n 12 <\/b>and the room is surrounded with dance and good cheer.<\/span><\/p>\n 13 <\/b>But first, cheerful men must sing hymns to divinities<\/span><\/p>\n 14 <\/b>with reverent tales and pure speech,<\/span><\/p>\n 15 <\/b>having poured libations, praying to be able to do\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n 16 <\/b>what is right \u2013 for this is a more obvious thing to do, not deeds of violence.<\/span><\/p>\n 17 <\/b>It\u2019s not right to drink so much that you require a servant to lead you home,<\/span><\/p>\n 18 <\/b>unless you are very old.<\/span><\/p>\n 19 <\/b>Praise the man who reveals noble deeds while drinking<\/span><\/p>\n 20 <\/b>that result in a recollection of and stretching towards virtue.<\/span><\/p>\n 21 <\/b>He doesn\u2019t marshal battles of Titans, nor giants,<\/span><\/p>\n 22 <\/b>nor centaurs, nor any fictions of old,<\/span><\/p>\n 23 <\/b>nor violent conflicts \u2013 in these, there is nothing useful.<\/span><\/p>\n 24 <\/b>Instead, it is always good to hold the gods in high regard.<\/span><\/p>\n <\/span><\/p>\n Xenophanes 18<\/b><\/p>\n 1 <\/b>One should say such things in the season of winter, beside a fire,<\/span><\/p>\n 2 <\/b>reclining gently, with a full stomach,<\/span><\/p>\n 3 <\/b>drinking sweet wine and gnawing upon chickpeas:<\/span><\/p>\n 4 <\/b>\u201cWho are you among men, and where do you come from?\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n 5 <\/b>\u201cHow old are you, good sir?\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n 6 <\/b>and \u201cWhat age were you when the Mede arrived?\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_text admin_label=”Commentary Title” _builder_version=”4.16″ vertical_offset_tablet=”0″ horizontal_offset_tablet=”0″ z_index_tablet=”0″ text_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” text_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” text_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” link_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” link_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” link_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” ul_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” ul_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” ul_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” 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header_5_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” header_6_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” header_6_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” header_6_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” box_shadow_horizontal_tablet=”0px” box_shadow_vertical_tablet=”0px” box_shadow_blur_tablet=”40px” box_shadow_spread_tablet=”0px” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.27.0″ vertical_offset_tablet=”0″ horizontal_offset_tablet=”0″ height=”450px” overflow-x=”scroll” custom_padding=”10px|10px|10px|10px” z_index_tablet=”0″ text_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” text_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” text_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” link_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” link_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” link_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” ul_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” ul_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” ul_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” ol_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” ol_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” ol_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” quote_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” quote_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” quote_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” header_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” header_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” header_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” header_2_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” header_2_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” header_2_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” header_3_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” header_3_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” header_3_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” header_4_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” header_4_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” header_4_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” header_5_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” header_5_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” header_5_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” header_6_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” header_6_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” header_6_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” box_shadow_horizontal_tablet=”0px” box_shadow_vertical_tablet=”0px” box_shadow_blur_tablet=”40px” box_shadow_spread_tablet=”0px” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n Xenophanes 1<\/strong><\/b><\/p>\n Line 1: <\/b>The word \u201cclean\u201d (Greek <\/span>\u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u1f79\u03bd<\/span><\/i>) appears in line 1, referring to the floor; in line 8, referring to the water; and in line 14, referring to speech. This repetition of \u201cclean\u201d underscores the theme of \u201ccleanliness\u201d holding a sort of ritualistic divinity (Allan 2019, 181).<\/span><\/p>\n Line 2:<\/b> Greek type of cup is a \u201ckylix.\u201d See this link<\/a> for an interactive example.<\/span>\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n Wreaths were sacred in Greek culture. Ivy wreaths were thought to be a preventative measure against the consequences of drunkenness and were even sometimes placed on the wine crockery (Hurschmann 2006).<\/span><\/p>\n Line 3:<\/b> \u201cIn Greek and Roman antiquity, perfumes served a variety of purposes. They were used as cosmetics by both women and men. Men anointed their heads at symposia to avoid drunkenness and perfumed their body after visiting the gymnasia. Perfumes were used in rituals surrounding birth, marriage, and death, and in some cult worships. Perfuming of wines and foods was also common. These themes regularly appear on classical vase paintings\u201d (Cancick, 2006).<\/span><\/p>\n Line 4:<\/b> In Greek culture, getting drunk quickly was seen as uncivilized. Watered-down wine, then, was seen as more distinguished (Allan 2019, 182). See this link<\/a> for a <\/span>\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1,<\/span><\/i> or Greek mixing-bowl.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n Line 6:\u00a0<\/strong>\u201cFlowery bouquet\u201d taken from Allan\u2019s translation of the text (Allan 2019, 182).<\/span> Line 7:<\/b> Frankincense is \u201cresin from bushes of the Boswellia species\u2026 burnt for its aromatic smell\u201d (H\u00fcnem\u00f6rder, 2006). The scent is described as \u201csacred\u201d because it was often used in religious contexts. Sappho speaks of it used in the wedding of Hector and Andromache and at Aphrodite\u2019s altars (Campbell 1982, 335).<\/span><\/p>\n Line 11:<\/b> A small terracotta altar where the frankincense was burned (Allan 2019, 182; Campbell 1982, 335).<\/span><\/p>\n Line 13:<\/b> We see poetry being recited at symposiums in many ancient texts, like in Athenaeus\u2019 <\/span>Deipnosophistae<\/span><\/i>. Here, Xenophanes transitions to talking about the activities at the symposium. Now that he has set the scene, the symposium begins (Allan 2019, 182).<\/span><\/p>\n \u201cDivinities\u201d is singular in Greek, so it is often translated \u201cthe god.\u201d I have translated it as plural based on the concept that it refers to the general concept of divinity, not a specific divinity (Allan 2019, 182).<\/span><\/p>\n Line 15:<\/b> Libations are drink offerings to the gods (Renger and Haase 2006).<\/span><\/p>\n Line 16<\/b>: Scholars debate the exact meaning of \u201cmore obvious\u201d (lit. \u201cclose at hand\u201d). It probably doesn\u2019t mean \u201ceasier,\u201d since virtue is traditionally seen as a difficult endeavor. Possibly, Xenophanes means \u201cmore obviously correct\u201d here (Allan 2019, 183).<\/span><\/p>\n Line 17: <\/b>It was Plato\u2019s claim to fame that he could outdrink everyone else at a symposium and then return home unaided, going about his day as if he had been sober (Allan 2019, 183; Plato\u2019s <\/a><\/span>Symposium,<\/span><\/i><\/a> 223c-d<\/a>).<\/span><\/p>\n Line 20:<\/strong> Campbell translates this \u201cas his memory and his enthusiasm for virtue enable him\u201d (Campbell 1982, 336).<\/span><\/p>\n Line 21:<\/b> Here, Xenophanes is speaking against epic poetry, which he believed was not sacred or educational enough to be recited at an event such as a symposium. He uses the word <\/span>\u03b4\u03b9\u1f73\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd,<\/span><\/i> which could be translated \u201crelate\u201d or \u201chandle,\u201d but Homer commonly uses it in his epic poetry to mean \u201cmarshal\u201d (Allan 2019, 184).<\/span><\/p>\n According to Greek myth (<\/span>Iliad<\/span><\/i><\/a>, 8.478-81<\/a>, Hesiod\u2019s <\/span>Theog<\/span><\/i><\/a>. 133-8, 617-719<\/a>), the Titans were the first generation of gods that were defeated by Zeus and his fellow Olympians, who imprisoned them in Tartarus. For Xenophanes, the idea of gods fighting each other represents divine chaos and misconduct and is therefore not an appropriate topic for a symposium.<\/span><\/p>\n The Giants (<\/span>Theog.<\/span><\/i><\/a> 185<\/a>) were a product of Ouranos and Gaia. Like the Titans, the Giants also represent divine misconduct.<\/span><\/p>\n The Centaurs, horse-human hybrids, were known as wild, violent drunkards\u2014another topic Xenophon did not want at a pure, restrained symposium (Allan 2019, 184).<\/span><\/p>\n Line 22:<\/b> The use of \u201cfictions\u201d may underscore the derogatory idea that such epic poetry is not founded in reality (Allan 2019, 184) but Campbell disagrees and says the word itself need not have a negative connotation (Campbell 1982, 336). Either way, these fictions have \u201cnothing useful\u201d (line 23).<\/span><\/p>\n <\/span><\/p>\n Xenophanes 18<\/strong><\/p>\n Line 1:<\/b> A Homeric line, quoted from Homer\u2019s <\/span>Odyssey <\/span><\/i><\/a>7.154<\/a> (Campbell 1982, 341).<\/span><\/p>\n Line 2:<\/strong> Campbell\u2019s translation (341).<\/p>\n Line 3:<\/b> Chickpeas were said to make people thirsty, like salted nuts (Campbell 1982, 341).<\/span><\/p>\n Line 4:<\/b> A traditional greeting, found in Homer\u2019s <\/span>Odyssey<\/span><\/i><\/a> 1.170<\/a> and <\/span>Iliad<\/span><\/i><\/a> 6.123<\/a> (Campbell 1982, 341).<\/span><\/p>\n Lines 4-6 draw much inspiration from Lesher\u2019s translation (Lesher 24).<\/span><\/p>\n Line 5:<\/b> In reference to Harpagus the Mede, who attacked Ionian cities (Campbell 1982, 341). This was a massively memorable event for the Greeks that changed their way of life\u2014look at COVID-19 as a modern comparison, for which it is not out of the ordinary to ask, \u201cHow old were you during quarantine?\u201d.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.16″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.16″ vertical_offset_tablet=”0″ horizontal_offset_tablet=”0″ z_index_tablet=”0″ text_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” text_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” text_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” link_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” link_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” link_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” ul_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” ul_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” ul_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” ol_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” ol_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” ol_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” quote_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” quote_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” quote_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” header_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” header_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” header_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” header_2_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” header_2_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” header_2_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” header_3_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” header_3_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” header_3_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” header_4_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” header_4_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” header_4_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” header_5_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” header_5_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” header_5_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” header_6_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” header_6_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” header_6_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” box_shadow_horizontal_tablet=”0px” box_shadow_vertical_tablet=”0px” box_shadow_blur_tablet=”40px” box_shadow_spread_tablet=”0px” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.16″ vertical_offset_tablet=”0″ horizontal_offset_tablet=”0″ z_index_tablet=”0″ text_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” text_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” text_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” link_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” link_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” link_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” ul_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” ul_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” ul_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” ol_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” ol_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” ol_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” quote_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” quote_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” quote_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” header_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” header_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” header_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” header_2_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” header_2_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” header_2_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” header_3_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” header_3_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” header_3_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” header_4_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” header_4_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” header_4_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” header_5_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” header_5_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” header_5_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” header_6_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” header_6_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” header_6_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” box_shadow_horizontal_tablet=”0px” box_shadow_vertical_tablet=”0px” box_shadow_blur_tablet=”40px” box_shadow_spread_tablet=”0px” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n Allan, William. <\/span>Greek elegy and iambus: A selection<\/span><\/i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n Bremmer, Jan N. \u201cTitans.\u201d <\/span>In <\/span>Brill\u2019s New Pauly Online<\/span><\/i>. <\/span>Leiden: Brill, 2006. <\/span>doi: <\/span>https:\/\/doi-org.newman.richmond.edu\/10.1163\/1574-9347_bnp_e1215840<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n Campbell, David A. <\/span>Greek lyric<\/span><\/i>. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1982.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n Edmonds, J. M. \u201cElegy and Iambus, Volume.\u201d <\/span>Elegy and Iambus, Volume I, volume 1, Theognis, The Elegiac Poems of Theognis<\/span><\/i>. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1931. <\/span>https:\/\/www.perseus.tufts.edu\/hopper\/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2008.01.0479%3Avolume%3D1%3Atext%3D11%3Asection%3D2<\/span><\/a>.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n H\u00fcnem\u00f6rder, Christian. \u201cIncense.\u201d <\/span>\u00a0In <\/span>Commentary<\/strong><\/h2>\n
<\/span><\/p>\nSources<\/strong><\/h2>\n