[et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ fullwidth=”on” _builder_version=”4.16″ global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=”Aristophanes, Wasps, lines 1208-1264″ text_orientation=”center” _builder_version=”4.16″ title_font=”|700|||||||” title_text_align=”center” background_color=”#7db3e0″ vertical_offset_tablet=”0″ horizontal_offset_tablet=”0″ z_index_tablet=”0″ title_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” title_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” title_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” content_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” content_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” content_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” subhead_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” subhead_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” subhead_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” content_link_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” content_link_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” content_link_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” content_ul_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” content_ul_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” content_ul_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” content_ol_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” content_ol_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” content_ol_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” content_quote_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” content_quote_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” content_quote_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” button_one_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” button_one_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” button_one_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” button_two_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” button_two_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” button_two_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” box_shadow_horizontal_tablet=”0px” box_shadow_vertical_tablet=”0px” box_shadow_blur_tablet=”40px” box_shadow_spread_tablet=”0px” box_shadow_style_image=”preset6″ box_shadow_blur_image_tablet=”40px” box_shadow_horizontal_button_one_tablet=”0px” box_shadow_vertical_button_one_tablet=”0px” box_shadow_blur_button_one_tablet=”40px” box_shadow_spread_button_one_tablet=”0px” box_shadow_horizontal_button_two_tablet=”0px” box_shadow_vertical_button_two_tablet=”0px” box_shadow_blur_button_two_tablet=”40px” box_shadow_spread_button_two_tablet=”0px” text_shadow_style=”preset5″ text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n
translation and commentary by Troi Loken (’25)<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_fullwidth_header][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ fullwidth=”on” _builder_version=”4.27.0″ _module_preset=”default” background_color=”#FFFFFF” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=”Introduction” _builder_version=”4.27.0″ _module_preset=”default” title_text_color=”#000000″ content_text_color=”#000000″ content_link_text_color=”#000000″ background_color=”#FFFFFF” border_color_all=”RGBA(255,255,255,0)” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n
Aristophanes\u2019 <\/span>Wasps<\/span><\/i> is a satirical critic of Athenian jurors and their loyalty to demagogic politicians, who gained support through catering to the people rather than making rational arguments (Henderson 1998, 215). In this section of the play, Bdelykleon, after having convinced his father, Philokleon, to retire from being a juror, is coaching him on proper symposium etiquette so they can go to an eloquent symposium proper.<\/span><\/p>\n [\/et_pb_fullwidth_header][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ inner_shadow=”on” _builder_version=”4.16″ vertical_offset_tablet=”0″ horizontal_offset_tablet=”0″ z_index_tablet=”0″ box_shadow_horizontal_tablet=”0px” box_shadow_vertical_tablet=”0px” box_shadow_blur_tablet=”40px” box_shadow_spread_tablet=”0px” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ _builder_version=”4.16″ global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_text admin_label=”Trans. Title” _builder_version=”4.16″ vertical_offset_tablet=”0″ horizontal_offset_tablet=”0″ z_index_tablet=”0″ text_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” text_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” text_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” link_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” link_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” link_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” ul_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” ul_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” ul_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” ol_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” ol_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” ol_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” quote_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” quote_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” quote_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” header_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” header_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” header_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” header_2_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” header_2_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” header_2_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” header_3_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” header_3_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” header_3_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” header_4_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” header_4_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” header_4_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” header_5_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” header_5_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” header_5_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” header_6_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” header_6_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” header_6_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” box_shadow_horizontal_tablet=”0px” box_shadow_vertical_tablet=”0px” box_shadow_blur_tablet=”40px” box_shadow_spread_tablet=”0px” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text admin_label=”Translation” _builder_version=”4.27.0″ background_color=”#ffffff” vertical_offset_tablet=”0″ horizontal_offset_tablet=”0″ height=”450px” overflow-x=”scroll” custom_padding=”10px|10px|10px|10px” z_index_tablet=”0″ text_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” text_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” text_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” link_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” link_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” link_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” ul_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” ul_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” ul_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” ol_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” ol_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” ol_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” quote_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” quote_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” quote_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” header_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” header_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” header_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” header_2_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” header_2_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” header_2_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” header_3_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” header_3_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” header_3_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” header_4_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” header_4_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” header_4_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” header_5_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” header_5_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” header_5_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” header_6_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” header_6_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” header_6_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” box_shadow_horizontal_tablet=”0px” box_shadow_vertical_tablet=”0px” box_shadow_blur_tablet=”40px” box_shadow_spread_tablet=”0px” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n Bdelykleon <\/b>Stop! But having laid down here, learn also<\/span> to be sympotic and sociable. (1208)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n Philokleon <\/b>So how do I lie down? Hurry up and show!<\/span><\/p>\n Bd.<\/b> Gracefully.<\/span> (1210)<\/strong><\/p>\n Phi. <\/b> In <\/span>this <\/span><\/i>way do you order me to lie down?<\/span><\/p>\n Bd.<\/b> Not at all.<\/span><\/p>\n Phi.<\/b> Well then, how?<\/span><\/p>\n Bd. <\/b> Stretch out the knees, and with athletic control<\/span><\/p>\n Fluidly pour yourself onto the couches.<\/span><\/p>\n Then appraise one of the bronzes,<\/span><\/p>\n Look at the ceiling, marvel at the tapestries of the courtyard.<\/span> (1215)<\/strong><\/p>\n Water over our hands; the tables bring in.<\/span><\/p>\n We dine; we have washed off; now we make libations.<\/span><\/p>\n Phi.<\/b> By the gods, a dream are we feasting?<\/span><\/p>\n Bd.<\/b> The flute girl has started playing; and your drinking companions<\/span><\/p>\n Are Theoros, Aeschines, Phanos, Cleon,<\/span> (1220)<\/strong><\/p>\n Some other foreigner next to Acestor\u2019s son.<\/span><\/p>\n Engaging with these men, see to it that you perform the crooked songs well.<\/span><\/p>\n Phi.<\/b> Oh, really? As none of the Diacrioi, I\u2019ll perform it!<\/span><\/p>\n Bd.<\/b> Soon I\u2019ll know. For let\u2019s suppose that I am Cleon,<\/span><\/p>\n And first <\/span>I <\/span><\/i>sing of Harmodius, and then you.<\/span> (1225)<\/strong><\/p>\n \u2018Never was a man born in Athens\u2013\u2019<\/span><\/p>\n Phi.<\/b> \u2018\u2013such a scoundrel and a thief!\u2019<\/span><\/p>\n Bd.<\/b> In this way, you will do this? \u201cYou\u2019ll be shouted to death!\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n For he will say that he\u2019ll destroy and ruin you<\/span><\/p>\n And that from this land, he\u2019ll exile you.<\/span><\/p>\n Phi.<\/b> Well, <\/span>I<\/span><\/i>,<\/span> (1230)<\/strong><\/p>\n If he is threatening me, by Zeus, will sing another song.<\/span><\/p>\n \u2018Oh, the man, who is seeking a greater office,<\/span><\/p>\n You will ruin the city still; it tilts on the scales of fate.\u201d<\/span> (1235)<\/strong><\/p>\n Bd.<\/b> What then, when Theorus, reclining at your feet,<\/span><\/p>\n Grasping Cleon by the hand, sings;<\/span><\/p>\n \u2018Knowing Admetus’s story, comrades, love the good people.\u2019<\/span><\/p>\n To this what crooked song will you say?<\/span><\/p>\n Phi.<\/b> In song, I will.<\/span> (1240)<\/strong><\/p>\n \u2018It is not possible to play the fox,<\/span><\/p>\n Nor to both sides to become friendly.\u2019<\/span><\/p>\n Bd.<\/b> After him, Aeschines, son of Sellus, will take it up,<\/span><\/p>\n A wise and cultured man, and he will sing:<\/span><\/p>\n \u2018Wealth and life<\/span> (1245)<\/strong><\/p>\n For Clitagora and for me<\/span><\/p>\n Among the Thessalians\u2013\u2019<\/span><\/p>\n Phi.<\/b> \u2018many things indeed we boast, you and I!\u2019<\/span><\/p>\n Bd.<\/b> This part reasonably you know thoroughly.<\/span><\/p>\n What say you, we go to dinner at Philoctemon\u2019s house.<\/span> (1250)<\/strong><\/p>\n Slave, slave! Pack a dinner, Chryse, for the both of us,<\/span><\/p>\n So that we may get drunk for a while!<\/span><\/p>\n Phi.<\/b> No way!<\/span><\/p>\n Drinking is dangerous; for from wine, one begins<\/span><\/p>\n To break doors and to beat and to throw,<\/span><\/p>\n And then to repay money while hungover.<\/span> (1255)<\/strong><\/p>\n Bd.<\/b> Not if you are with good decent people;<\/span><\/p>\n For either, they beg off the victim,<\/span><\/p>\n Or you yourself say some witty story,<\/span><\/p>\n An Aesopian joke or a Sybaritic one,<\/span><\/p>\n Of which you have learned at the symposium; then into a joke<\/span> (1260)<\/strong><\/p>\n You have turned the matter, and so, having let you go, he departs.<\/span><\/p>\n Phi.<\/b> It is necessary to learn many of these stories,<\/span><\/p>\n If indeed I will repay nothing if I do something bad.<\/span><\/p>\n Bd.<\/b> Come now, let\u2019s go; let nothing stop us!<\/span><\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ 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global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.27.0″ vertical_offset_tablet=”0″ horizontal_offset_tablet=”0″ height=”450px” overflow-x=”scroll” custom_padding=”10px|10px|10px|10px” z_index_tablet=”0″ text_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” text_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” text_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” link_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” link_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” link_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” ul_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” ul_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” ul_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” ol_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” ol_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” ol_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” quote_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” quote_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” quote_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” header_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” 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global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n [1208-1210]<\/b> The names of the father and son translate to \u2018Cleon-lover\u2019 and \u2018Cleon-hater\u2019 respectively. These are both about the Athenian politician, Cleon, who after 430 BCE, was the most influential in Athens, having gathered a following by promising material gains (Schmitz 2006).\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n [1212] \u201cstretch out the knees\u201d <\/b>Bdelykleon\u2019s corrections convey that his father laid on the couch in a manner almost like the fetal position. The proper reclining position has the knees less bent and the symposiast holding their upper body up by resting their left elbow on a cushion of some sort, as shown in countless vase depictions. <\/span>Click here<\/span><\/a> for a depiction of a symposiast reclining.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n [1213] \u201cfluidly pour yourself\u201d<\/b> This exact phrase and even the word \u2018pour\u2019 (\u03c7\u03cd\u03c4\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03bf\u03bd) is only attested in this work (Thesaurus Linguae Graecae\u00a9 Digital Library). However, Biles and Olson point out that \u2018fluidly\u2019 (\u1f51\u03b3\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd) is used elsewhere concerning reclining, \u2018the entire body resting fluidly\u2019 (2015, 437).<\/span><\/p>\n [1214] \u201cappraise one of the bronzes\u201d <\/b>Typically, as decoration for a symposium, bronze armor and weaponry were hung up on the walls to display the wealth of a household (Biles and Olson 2015, 438). Such decor is shown in this red-figure cup\u2019s illustration<\/a>, here being a suspended quiver.<\/span><\/p>\n [1216-1217] \u201cWater over our hands\u2026now we make libations\u201d <\/b>The first two orders are towards imaginary slaves, initiating the start of their \u201cdinner\u201d, while the next three quickly go through the meal, the clean-up, and the post-meal sacrificial offerings. This all is imaginary, as shown by Philokleon\u2019s confused reaction in the next line (Biles and Olson 2015, 438).<\/span><\/p>\n [1219] \u201cthe flute-girl\u201d <\/b>Symposia frequently had some sort of hired entertainment, with a female <\/span>aulos <\/span><\/i>(\u03b1\u1f50\u03bb\u03cc\u03c2) player as a common example (Biles and Olson 2015, 439). The <\/span>aulos<\/span><\/i> is a reeded wind instrument, consisting of two separate pipes with finger holes (Zaminer 2006). It is typically translated as \u2018flute\u2019 despite the evident differences between the two instruments. Here\u2019s<\/a> a depiction of an <\/span>aulos<\/span><\/i> player at a symposium.<\/span><\/p>\n [1220] \u201cTheoros, Aeschines, Phanos, Cleon\u201d <\/b>The inclusion of Cleon and some of his companions at this imaginary symposium helps emphasize the extravagance with which Bdelykleon envisions the symposium but also anticipates the jokes Philokleon makes about the abuse of these men later on in the play (P\u00fctz 2007, 91).<\/span><\/p>\n [1222] \u201ccrooked songs\u201d<\/b> these crooked songs (\u03c3\u03ba\u03cc\u03bb\u03b9\u03b1) are short traditional or patriotic songs symposiasts performed at symposia by passing a branch around to signify the lead singer (Biles and Olson 2015, 440). The branch bearer could either sing a complete verse or, after beginning a verse, hand the branch off for another guest to finish the song, which is part of what makes the songs \u2018crooked\u2019 in comparison to the precise structure of the libation hymns.<\/span><\/p>\n [1223] \u201cAs none of the Diacrioi\u201d<\/b> The Diacrioi were the Greek regional group living in the inland hilly region of Attica, but it was also the name of another inland group near Mt. Parnes (Biles and Olson 2015, 440-441). The word itself means something like \u201chill-men\u201d, which may have been Philokleon\u2019s intention, referring to shepherds.<\/span><\/p>\n [1227] \u201ca scoundrel and a thief\u201d <\/b>Philokleon takes the opportunity to insult Cleon instead of finishing the song with the proper line. Despite his name and initial pro-Cleon opinion, he has flipped opinions at this point in the play. As P\u00fctz explains, \u201cSuch a quick change is possible in comedy, though, and at the same time it helps to underline the fact that Philokleon is mostly interested in his own pleasure\u201d (2007, 92).<\/span><\/p>\n [1228] \u201cYou\u2019ll be shouted to death!\u201d<\/b> This exact phrasing is borrowed from an existing translation (Henderson 1998, 379).<\/span><\/p>\n [1236] \u201creclining at your feet\u201d<\/b> Referring back to my comments on line 1212, in addition to reclining position, the guests of a symposium would recline two to a couch. The second symposiast on the couch would recline on a provided cushion by the first\u2019s feet. The phrase also can extend to the guest on the next couch when referring to the second reclining. As Biles and Olson explain, there is much deliberation over the exact layout of Bdelykeon\u2019s imaginary symposium, but Theorus must be on a couch on Philokleon\u2019s right (2015, 439).<\/span><\/p>\n [1241] \u201cto play the fox\u201d <\/b>This is the literal translation of the Greek \u1f00\u03bb\u03c9\u03c0\u03b5\u03ba\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd, but as the next line illustrates, the word means \u201cto act in a duplicitous, scheming fashion\u201d (Biles and Olson 2015, 444).<\/span><\/p>\n [1251] \u201cpack a dinner\u201d <\/b>It was a common practice in ancient Greece for the guests of a symposium to bring their own dinner or pay for dinner, with P\u00fctz citing that such dinners were usually called \u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03c0\u03bd\u03b1 (2007, 94). Biles and Olson explain further that a host provided a venue, wine, entertainment, and snacks for the symposium, but left their guests to provide their dinner (2015, 446). Several depictions of symposia also show baskets hung on the walls, with this<\/a> being one example.<\/span><\/p>\n [1259] \u201cAesopian joke\u201d <\/b>Aesop was a famous Greek writer of fable, which is referred to here as a potential source of humor Philokleon could draw from (Luzzatto 2006). <\/span>\u201ca Sybaritic one\u201d <\/b>Sybaris is a city found in southern Italy that was destroyed in 510 BCE, but it\u2019s also the site where the Panhellenic Greek city colony, Thurii, was founded in 444 BCE (Muggia 2006). There are no specific records of famous residents, but presumably, since Aristophanes directly references it as a source of comedy, some Greek writer was associated with the colony.<\/span><\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.16″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.16″ vertical_offset_tablet=”0″ horizontal_offset_tablet=”0″ z_index_tablet=”0″ text_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” text_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” text_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” link_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” link_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” link_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” ul_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” ul_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” ul_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” ol_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” ol_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” ol_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” quote_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” quote_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” quote_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” header_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” header_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” header_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” header_2_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” header_2_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” header_2_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” header_3_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” header_3_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” header_3_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” header_4_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” header_4_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” header_4_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” header_5_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” header_5_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” header_5_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” header_6_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” header_6_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” header_6_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” box_shadow_horizontal_tablet=”0px” box_shadow_vertical_tablet=”0px” box_shadow_blur_tablet=”40px” box_shadow_spread_tablet=”0px” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.27.4″ vertical_offset_tablet=”0″ horizontal_offset_tablet=”0″ z_index_tablet=”0″ text_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” text_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” text_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” link_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” link_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” link_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” ul_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” ul_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” ul_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” ol_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” ol_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” ol_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” quote_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” quote_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” quote_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” header_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” header_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” header_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” header_2_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” header_2_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” header_2_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” header_3_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” header_3_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” header_3_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” header_4_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” header_4_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” header_4_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” header_5_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” header_5_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” header_5_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” header_6_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” header_6_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” header_6_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” box_shadow_horizontal_tablet=”0px” box_shadow_vertical_tablet=”0px” box_shadow_blur_tablet=”40px” box_shadow_spread_tablet=”0px” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n Biles, Zachary P., and S. Douglas Olson. 2015. <\/span>Aristophanes\u2019 <\/span><\/i>Wasps. Oxford: Oxford University Press.<\/span><\/p>\n Henderson, Jeffery. 1998. <\/span>Clouds. Wasps. Peace<\/span><\/i>. Loeb Classical Library 488. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.<\/span><\/p>\n Luzzatto, Maria Jagoda (Florence). 2006. \u2018Aesop\u2019. In <\/span>Brill\u2019s New Pauly,<\/span><\/i> edited by Hubert Cancik and, Helmuth Schneider, English Edition by: Christine F. Salazar, Classical Tradition volumes edited by: Manfred Landfester, and English Edition by: Francis G. Gentry. doi:<\/span>http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1163\/1574-9347_bnp_e110970<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\nTranslation<\/strong><\/h2>\n
Commentary<\/strong><\/h2>\n
Sources<\/strong><\/h2>\n