[et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ fullwidth=”on” _builder_version=”4.16″ global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=”Pliny the Younger, Epistles 2.6″ text_orientation=”center” _builder_version=”4.16″ title_font=”|700|||||||” title_text_align=”center” background_color=”#7db3e0″ vertical_offset_tablet=”0″ horizontal_offset_tablet=”0″ z_index_tablet=”0″ title_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” title_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” title_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” content_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” content_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” content_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” subhead_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” subhead_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” subhead_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” content_link_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” content_link_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” content_link_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” content_ul_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” content_ul_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” content_ul_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” content_ol_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” content_ol_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” content_ol_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” content_quote_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” content_quote_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” content_quote_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” button_one_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” button_one_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” button_one_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” button_two_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” button_two_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” button_two_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” box_shadow_horizontal_tablet=”0px” box_shadow_vertical_tablet=”0px” box_shadow_blur_tablet=”40px” box_shadow_spread_tablet=”0px” box_shadow_style_image=”preset6″ box_shadow_blur_image_tablet=”40px” box_shadow_horizontal_button_one_tablet=”0px” box_shadow_vertical_button_one_tablet=”0px” box_shadow_blur_button_one_tablet=”40px” box_shadow_spread_button_one_tablet=”0px” box_shadow_horizontal_button_two_tablet=”0px” box_shadow_vertical_button_two_tablet=”0px” box_shadow_blur_button_two_tablet=”40px” box_shadow_spread_button_two_tablet=”0px” text_shadow_style=”preset5″ text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” global_colors_info=”{}”]translation and commentary by Troi Loken (’25)[\/et_pb_fullwidth_header][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ _builder_version=”4.27.0″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.27.0″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.27.0″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.27.0″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n
Gaius Plinius Caecilius Secundus, simply known as Pliny the Younger (c. 60\u2013112 CE), was a writer and politician during Rome\u2019s \u2018high empire\u2019, beginning his political career under Emperor Domitian and reaching consulship during Emperor Trajan\u2019s reign (Gibson 2020, xv-xvi). He\u2019s most popular for his eyewitness account of his adoptive uncle\u2019s death during the eruption of Vesuvius in 79 CE, which Younger Pliny shared in a correspondence he later published in a volume of his <\/span>Epistles<\/span><\/i>, or <\/span>Letters<\/span><\/i>. He published nine volumes of literary correspondence, called his <\/span>Epistles<\/span><\/i>, over the last two decades of his life, edited and revised by himself, providing us with \u201crare glimpses of the \u2018domestic\u2019 life of the Roman elite\u201d (ibid., 4).<\/span><\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ inner_shadow=”on” _builder_version=”4.16″ vertical_offset_tablet=”0″ horizontal_offset_tablet=”0″ custom_padding=”52px||52px||true|” z_index_tablet=”0″ box_shadow_horizontal_tablet=”0px” box_shadow_vertical_tablet=”0px” box_shadow_blur_tablet=”40px” box_shadow_spread_tablet=”0px” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|12px||||” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_text admin_label=”Trans. Title” _builder_version=”4.16″ vertical_offset_tablet=”0″ horizontal_offset_tablet=”0″ z_index_tablet=”0″ text_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” text_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” text_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” link_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” link_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” link_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” ul_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” ul_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” ul_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” ol_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” ol_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” ol_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” quote_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” quote_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” quote_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” header_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” header_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” header_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” header_2_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” header_2_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” header_2_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” header_3_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” header_3_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” header_3_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” header_4_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” header_4_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” header_4_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” header_5_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” header_5_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” header_5_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” header_6_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” header_6_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” header_6_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” box_shadow_horizontal_tablet=”0px” box_shadow_vertical_tablet=”0px” box_shadow_blur_tablet=”40px” box_shadow_spread_tablet=”0px” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text admin_label=”Translation” _builder_version=”4.27.0″ background_color=”#ffffff” vertical_offset_tablet=”0″ horizontal_offset_tablet=”0″ height=”450px” overflow-x=”scroll” custom_padding=”10px|10px|10px|10px” z_index_tablet=”0″ text_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” text_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” text_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” link_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” link_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” link_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” ul_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” ul_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” ul_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” ol_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” ol_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” ol_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” quote_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” quote_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” quote_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” header_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” header_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” header_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” header_2_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” header_2_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” header_2_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” header_3_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” header_3_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” header_3_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” header_4_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” header_4_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” header_4_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” header_5_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” header_5_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” header_5_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” header_6_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” header_6_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” header_6_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” box_shadow_horizontal_tablet=”0px” box_shadow_vertical_tablet=”0px” box_shadow_blur_tablet=”40px” box_shadow_spread_tablet=”0px” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n Gaius Plinius says greetings to dear Avitus,<\/span><\/p>\n It would be a too long and unimportant story to tell how it ended up that I, not at all being a friend of his, was dining at the house of a certain person, who saw himself as an elegant and industrious man, but I saw him immediately as a foul and extravagant one. For he serves to himself and a few others the best dishes, but to the rest the cheap and meager stuff. He <\/span>even <\/span><\/i>assigned wine into three kinds with little flasks, not for the ability to choose, but so that it wasn\u2019t fair to refuse. There was one kind for himself and us, another for his lesser friends\u2014for he has his friends ranked\u2014and another for his and our freedmen.<\/span><\/p>\n The man who was reclining next to me noticed this and asked if I approved. I said no. He said, \u201cSo what custom do <\/span>you<\/span><\/i> follow?\u201d I replied, \u201cI serve the same thing to everyone; for I invite them to a <\/span>dinner<\/span><\/i>, not to a branding, and in all aspects I treat equally those whom I have treated equally at the table and couch.\u201d \u201cEven the freedmen?\u201d \u201cEven them; for I think of them as dinner companions then, not as freedmen.\u201d And he stated: \u201cIt must cost you a lot.\u201d \u201cNo.\u201d He asked, \u201cHow can that be?\u201d \u201cBecause, of course, my freedmen don\u2019t drink the same wine that I do, but <\/span>I<\/span><\/i> drink the same wine that<\/span> they<\/span><\/i> do.\u201d And by Hercules, if you moderate your gluttony, it\u2019s not difficult to share that which you yourself consume with several guests. Therefore that gluttony must be repressed, it must be, so you say, \u2018brought in line\u2019, if you wish to spare expenses, which you would be mindful of with your restraint far better than with insults to others.<\/span><\/p>\n Why do I say all this? So that these luxuries, under the guise of frugality, \u201cat the table of certain men\u201d won\u2019t deceive \u201ca promising young man like yourself.\u201d It suits my affection for you, whenever any such thing occurs, for me, as an example, to forewarn what you ought to flee. Therefore remember that nothing should be more avoided than this novel affair of extravagance and cruelty; traits which are most repulsive separate and apart, yet more repulsive joined together. Goodbye.<\/span><\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_text admin_label=”Commentary Title” _builder_version=”4.16″ vertical_offset_tablet=”0″ horizontal_offset_tablet=”0″ z_index_tablet=”0″ text_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” text_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” text_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” link_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” link_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” link_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” ul_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” ul_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” ul_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” ol_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” ol_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” ol_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” quote_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” quote_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” quote_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” header_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” header_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” header_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” header_2_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” header_2_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” header_2_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” header_3_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” header_3_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” header_3_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” header_4_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” header_4_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” header_4_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” header_5_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” header_5_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” header_5_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” header_6_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” header_6_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” header_6_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” box_shadow_horizontal_tablet=”0px” box_shadow_vertical_tablet=”0px” box_shadow_blur_tablet=”40px” box_shadow_spread_tablet=”0px” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.27.0″ vertical_offset_tablet=”0″ horizontal_offset_tablet=”0″ height=”450px” overflow-x=”scroll” custom_padding=”10px|10px|10px|10px” z_index_tablet=”0″ text_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” text_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” text_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” link_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” link_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” link_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” ul_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” ul_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” ul_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” ol_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” ol_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” ol_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” quote_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” quote_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” quote_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” header_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” header_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” header_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” header_2_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” header_2_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” header_2_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” header_3_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” header_3_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” header_3_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” header_4_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” header_4_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” header_4_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” header_5_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” header_5_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” header_5_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” header_6_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” header_6_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” header_6_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” box_shadow_horizontal_tablet=”0px” box_shadow_vertical_tablet=”0px” box_shadow_blur_tablet=”40px” box_shadow_spread_tablet=”0px” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n Iunius Avitus<\/b>\u00a0was a young senator who was a protege of Pliny and later tragically died in his late twenties \u201con the eve of a brilliant career\u201d (Carlon 2016, 20). In <\/span>Ep<\/span><\/i>. VIII.23, Pliny writes an obituary for the man.<\/span><\/p>\n I, not at all being a friend of his, was dining:<\/b> Roman dining was not purely a social event, but also an economic and political one. Candidates would host open <\/span>convivia<\/i> for their voters before it was outlawed in 64 BCE; however, Pliny in <\/span>Ep<\/i>. VI.19 reveals how people were still ignoring such laws (Dunbabin and Slater 2012, 455). Moreover, <\/span>sportulae<\/i> \u2018food-money\u2019 from within the patron-client relationship, became associated with handouts at <\/span>cena<\/i> and as part of <\/span>convivia<\/i> invitations, so the <\/span>convivia<\/i> guest list was complicated further with people coming for the money and being invited for their fame (456-457).<\/span><\/p>\n to himself and a few others the choice dishes, but to the rest the cheap and meager stuff:<\/b> This complaint of \u201cculinary stratification\u201d was frequent in the Roman world from Martial to Juvenal to even Pliny the Elder, where he envies the time of Cato the Elder when there was no such custom (Whitton 2013, 123).<\/span><\/p>\n he had his friends ranked:<\/b> As a patron\u2019s number of <\/span>clientes<\/i> increased, some distinction became necessary. Terms like <\/span>primi <\/i>or <\/span>secundi amici<\/i>, according to Seneca, go back as far as the 130s BCE (Sherwin-White 1966, 153). Pliny himself also \u2018grades\u2019 his friends in 7.3<\/a>, opposing his own critic here. <\/span>freedmen:<\/b> they were freed slaves but remained a part of their patron\u2019s <\/span>familia<\/i>, joining his <\/span>clientes<\/i>; during the Imperial period, freedmen had three tiers: those with Roman citizenship, those under Latin law, and those under peregrine law (Cartledge and Heinrichs 2006).<\/span><\/p>\n not to a branding:<\/b> Here, <\/span>non ad notam<\/i> has two possible connotations. The first is the metaphor <\/span>nota censuria<\/i>, meaning a public mark of censure; thus making the \u2018branding\u2019 a mark of disgrace (Whitton 2013, 124). The second focuses on the word <\/span>nota<\/i>, which could refer to a mark of quality, like the quality of wine or the grade of meat. With the earlier remark of \u2018he has his friends ranked,\u2019 I lean towards the quality reading.<\/span><\/p>\n drink the same wine that they do:<\/b> Pliny keeps his expenses low because he downgrades his wine to the freedmen\u2019s wine when he is hosting freedmen, so everyone drinks the same wine.<\/span><\/p>\n which you would be mindful of with your restraint far better than with insults to others:<\/b> Pliny advises Avitus to control his expenses through his self-restraint, not through insulting others. His teachings lean philosophical here at the end, fitting with how Pliny calls himself Avitus\u2019 <\/span>formator morum<\/i> \u201cfashioner of morals\u201d in 8.23<\/a> (Whitton 2013, 121).<\/span><\/p>\n Why do I say all this:<\/b> <\/span>Quorsus haec <\/i>only translates to \u201cwhy all this,\u201d but I have supplied a <\/span>dico<\/i> essentially to fully construct the sentence: \u201cWhy do I say all this?\u201d <\/span>\u201cat the table of certain men\u201d:<\/b> Here I\u2019ve taken the exact translation for the phrase <\/span>quorundam in mensa <\/i>from Carlon\u2019s commentary (Carlon 2016, 23)<\/span><\/p>\n \u201ca promising young man like yourself\u201d:<\/b> Here I\u2019ve taken the exact phrase for <\/span>tibi, optimae indolis iuveni<\/i> from Radice\u2019s Loeb translation (Radice 1969, Plin. <\/span>Ep<\/i>. 2.6.6). While the Latin directly says \u201cyou, a young man of the best innate character,\u201d I felt like the modern turn of phrase Radice used was an appropriate replacement.<\/span><\/p>\n \u201cthis novel affair:\u201d<\/b> The word <\/span>societatem<\/i> translates to more an \u201cassociation, union\u201d than an \u201caffair,\u201d but Pliny is disparaging the \u201cunion\u201d of these two vices (extravagance and cruelty), calling it \u201cmore repulsive,\u201d so using a word that conveys the negative connotations of their \u201cunion\u201d felt more fitting.<\/span><\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.16″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.16″ vertical_offset_tablet=”0″ horizontal_offset_tablet=”0″ z_index_tablet=”0″ text_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” text_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” text_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” link_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” link_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” link_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” ul_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” ul_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” ul_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” ol_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” ol_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” ol_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” quote_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” quote_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” quote_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” header_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” header_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” header_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” header_2_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” header_2_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” header_2_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” header_3_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” header_3_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” header_3_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” header_4_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” header_4_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” header_4_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” header_5_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” header_5_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” header_5_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” header_6_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” header_6_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” header_6_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” box_shadow_horizontal_tablet=”0px” box_shadow_vertical_tablet=”0px” box_shadow_blur_tablet=”40px” box_shadow_spread_tablet=”0px” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.16″ vertical_offset_tablet=”0″ horizontal_offset_tablet=”0″ z_index_tablet=”0″ text_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” text_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” text_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” link_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” link_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” link_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” ul_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” ul_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” ul_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” ol_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” ol_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” ol_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” quote_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” quote_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” quote_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” header_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” header_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” header_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” header_2_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” header_2_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” header_2_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” header_3_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” header_3_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” header_3_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” header_4_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” header_4_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” header_4_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” header_5_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” header_5_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” header_5_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” header_6_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” header_6_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” header_6_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” box_shadow_horizontal_tablet=”0px” box_shadow_vertical_tablet=”0px” box_shadow_blur_tablet=”40px” box_shadow_spread_tablet=”0px” global_colors_info=”{}”]Carlon, Jacqueline. 2016. <\/span>Selected Letters from Pliny the Younger\u2019s <\/span><\/i>Epistulae. Oxford Greek and Latin College Commentaries. New York: Oxford University Press.<\/span><\/p>\n Cartledge, Paul A., and Johannes Heinrichs. 2006. “Freedmen”. In <\/span>Brill’s New Pauly Online<\/span><\/i>. Brill. doi: <\/span>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1163\/1574-9347_bnp_e414740<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n Dunbabin, Katherine M. D., and William J. Slater. 2012. \u201cRoman Dining\u201d, in\u00a0 <\/span>The Oxford Handbook of Social Relations in the Roman World<\/span><\/i>, edited by Michael Peachin, 438-466. Online ed, Oxford: Oxford Academic. <\/span>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/oxfordhb\/9780195188004.013.0021<\/span><\/a>,<\/span><\/p>\n H\u00fcnem\u00f6rder, Christian. 2006. “Sea urchin”. In <\/span>Brill’s New Pauly Online<\/span><\/i>. Brill. doi: <\/span>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1163\/1574-9347_bnp_e1106390<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n Gibson, Roy K. 2020. <\/span>Man of High Empire: The Life of Pliny the Younger.<\/span><\/i> New York: Oxford University Press. <\/span>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/oso\/9780199948192.001.0001<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n Gutsfeld, Andreas. 2006. “Praefectus praetorio”. In <\/span>Brill’s New Pauly Online<\/span><\/i>. Brill. doi: <\/span>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1163\/1574-9347_bnp_e1007150<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n Mlasowsky, Alexander. 2006. “As”. In <\/span>Brill’s New Pauly Online.<\/span><\/i> Brill. doi: <\/span>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1163\/1574-9347_bnp_e202880<\/span><\/a><\/p>\nTranslation<\/strong><\/h2>\n
Commentary<\/strong><\/h2>\n
(alternate title: Take It From Me)<\/span><\/i><\/h3>\n
Sources<\/strong><\/h2>\n