{"id":522,"date":"2022-05-17T16:19:23","date_gmt":"2022-05-17T20:19:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/romandining\/?page_id=522"},"modified":"2022-05-17T16:19:23","modified_gmt":"2022-05-17T20:19:23","slug":"martial","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/romandining\/martial\/","title":{"rendered":"Martial"},"content":{"rendered":"

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translation and commentary by Richard Hill Burton<\/p>\n

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Translation<\/strong><\/h2>\n

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2.37<\/strong><\/p>\n

Whatever is put out for dinner, you sweep up on this side and on that: teats of sow\u2019s udder, a rib of pork, a woodcock to be shared by two, half a mullet, a whole wolf fish, a side of lamprey, a thigh of chicken [5] and a pigeon dripping with its spelt gravy. When these things have been buried in your dripping napkin, they are handed over to the slave boy to be carried home. We recline, an idle crowd. If you have any shame, put back the dinner. [10] I did not invite you for tomorrow, Caecilianus.<\/p>\n

5.47<\/strong><\/p>\n

Philo swears that he never has dined at home, and this is so. He does not dine, when no one has invited him to dinner.<\/p>\n

7.20<\/strong><\/p>\n

Nothing is more pitiful or gluttonous than Santra. When he runs off to a formal dinner, after receiving a dinner invitation which he has tried to catch for so many days and nights, three times he asks for the sweetbreads of boar, four times the loin, each hip of the hare and its two shoulders [5], nor does he blush to lie about previously taking the thrush and to seize the blue beards of the oysters. He smears his filthy napkin with mouthfuls of cake; also put in there are jarred grapes and a few seeds of pomegranates [10], the unsightly skin of a hollowed-out sow\u2019s udder, an overripe fig and a damaged mushroom. But now when the napkin is broken by a thousand thefts, he buries the gnawed shellfish in his warm lap and he also puts there a mutilated turtle dove, its head having been devoured. [15] And he does not think it shameful to collect with a long right hand whatever the sweepers and dogs have left. Nor is edible plunder sufficient for his appetite: he fills an earthenware vessel at his feet with mixed wine. When that gluttonous one has carried these things home up two hundred steps [20] and anxiously has shut himself up in a bolted room, he sells the plundered dinner the next day.<\/p>\n

11.52<\/strong><\/p>\n

You will dine nicely at my house, Julius Cerialis; if you have no better engagement, come. You will be able to keep the eighth hour; we will bathe together (you know how the baths of Stephanus are close to me). [5] First, you will be given lettuce, useful for moving the belly, threads cut from leeks, next an old tunny fish larger than a thin lizard fish, but which eggs, with leaves of rue, cover. Other eggs, turned gently on the embers, will not be lacking, and a ball of cheese brought together over a Velabran hearth [10] and olives which have felt the Picenian cold. These are enough for the appetizer course. Do you wish to know the rest? I will lie, so that you come: fish, slices of meat, sow\u2019s udder, fat birds of the yard and of the marsh, which even Stella is not accustomed to put out unless on a rare dinner. [15] I promise more: I will recite nothing to you, although you yourself may read all the way through your \u201cGiants\u201d or your \u201cPastorals\u201d that rank next to immortal Vergil.<\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ custom_padding__hover=”|||” custom_padding=”|||”][et_pb_text admin_label=”Commentary Title” _builder_version=”4.4.4″ text_text_shadow_horizontal_length=”text_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ text_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” text_text_shadow_vertical_length=”text_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ text_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” text_text_shadow_blur_strength=”text_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ text_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” link_text_shadow_horizontal_length=”link_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ link_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” link_text_shadow_vertical_length=”link_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ link_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” link_text_shadow_blur_strength=”link_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ link_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” ul_text_shadow_horizontal_length=”ul_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ ul_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” ul_text_shadow_vertical_length=”ul_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ ul_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” ul_text_shadow_blur_strength=”ul_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ ul_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” ol_text_shadow_horizontal_length=”ol_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ ol_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” ol_text_shadow_vertical_length=”ol_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ ol_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” ol_text_shadow_blur_strength=”ol_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ ol_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” quote_text_shadow_horizontal_length=”quote_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ quote_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” quote_text_shadow_vertical_length=”quote_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ quote_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” quote_text_shadow_blur_strength=”quote_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ quote_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” header_text_shadow_horizontal_length=”header_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” header_text_shadow_vertical_length=”header_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” header_text_shadow_blur_strength=”header_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” header_2_text_shadow_horizontal_length=”header_2_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_2_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” header_2_text_shadow_vertical_length=”header_2_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_2_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” header_2_text_shadow_blur_strength=”header_2_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_2_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” header_3_text_shadow_horizontal_length=”header_3_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_3_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” header_3_text_shadow_vertical_length=”header_3_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_3_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” header_3_text_shadow_blur_strength=”header_3_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_3_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” header_4_text_shadow_horizontal_length=”header_4_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_4_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” header_4_text_shadow_vertical_length=”header_4_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_4_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” header_4_text_shadow_blur_strength=”header_4_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_4_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” header_5_text_shadow_horizontal_length=”header_5_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_5_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” header_5_text_shadow_vertical_length=”header_5_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_5_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” header_5_text_shadow_blur_strength=”header_5_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_5_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” header_6_text_shadow_horizontal_length=”header_6_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_6_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” header_6_text_shadow_vertical_length=”header_6_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_6_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” header_6_text_shadow_blur_strength=”header_6_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_6_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” box_shadow_horizontal_tablet=”0px” box_shadow_vertical_tablet=”0px” box_shadow_blur_tablet=”40px” box_shadow_spread_tablet=”0px” vertical_offset_tablet=”0″ horizontal_offset_tablet=”0″ z_index_tablet=”0″]<\/p>\n

Commentary<\/strong><\/h2>\n

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2.37<\/b><\/p>\n

[2] \u201csow\u2019s udder\u201d-\u00a0 Sow\u2019s udders and a sow\u2019s womb were considered particular delicacies at the ancient Roman table (see the <\/span>discussion by Crystal King<\/span><\/a>, author of the novel based on the life of Apicius called <\/span>Feast of Sorrow<\/span><\/i>; <\/span>Blanc and Nercessian 2006<\/span><\/a>).<\/span><\/p>\n

[4] \u201cmullet\u201d \u2013 Mullet also was considered to be a great delicacy among the ancient Romans.\u00a0 The price for mullet in the time of the Emperor Caligula was \u201cenormous,\u201d and one Consul was said to have paid 8,000 sesterces for one (see<\/span> \u201cMullet \u2013 Delicacy of Ancient Romans\u201d<\/span><\/a>; <\/span>Blanc and Nercessian 2006<\/span><\/a>).<\/span><\/p>\n

[7] \u201cnapkin\u201d \u2013 Romans, for the most part, ate with their fingers or hands, so their fingers and hands got dirty.\u00a0 Guests generally brought their own napkins called <\/span>mappae<\/span><\/i> to dinner parties.\u00a0 As noted in this poem by Martial and by other Roman poets, these napkins often were used as \u201cdoggy bags\u201d to take home little delicacies from the dinner.\u00a0 In this case, Caecilianus took the \u201cdoggy bag\u201d privilege to the extreme.<\/span><\/p>\n

5.47<\/b><\/p>\n

[1] \u201cPhilo\u201d \u2013 This is the only place Martial uses this name, which probably was a common Greek name in ancient Rome (Howell 1995, 131).\u00a0 Mr. Howell also notes that \u201cthis epigram deals with a traditional butt of humorous attack, the parasite.\u201d\u00a0 A parasite was a stock character in Greek and Roman comedy.\u00a0 They often were flatterers or toadies who attached themselves to their social superiors for free meals (<\/span>Brown 2016<\/span><\/a>).<\/span><\/p>\n

7.20<\/b><\/p>\n

[9-10] \u201cpomegranates\u201d and \u201cjarred grapes\u201d \u2013\u00a0 Pomegranates and jarred grapes (i.e., raisins) are depicted along with other fruits in this wonderful wall painting from Pompeii (ca. 70 CE):<\/span><\/p>\n

Fresco from the House of Julia Felix, Pompeii; National Museum, Naples (<\/span>Artstor image<\/span><\/a>)<\/span><\/p>\n

[17] \u201cwhatever the sweepers and dogs have left\u201d \u2013 Roman diners often threw their food detritus on the floor.\u00a0 Later, slaves swept it up or dogs ate it.\u00a0 In one case, it appears a mouse was the beneficiary of some of the detritus, as depicted on this famous \u201c<\/span>unswept floor<\/span>\u201d mosaic in the Vatican Museum:<\/span><\/p>\n

Detail of the \u201cunswept floor\u201d mosaic from Rome in the <\/span>Vatican Museum<\/span><\/a>, a copy of a Hellenistic mosaic (<\/span>Wikimedia Commons<\/span><\/a>, CC0 Alf van Beem 2011)<\/span><\/p>\n

[21] \u201cbolted room\u201d \u2013 Our Santra lives on one of the upper floors of an <\/span>insula<\/span><\/i>, a large multi-story apartment building in ancient Rome.\u00a0 These often were crowded and inhabited by the lower classes, to which our Santra likely belongs (Poteat 1931, 191).<\/span><\/p>\n

11.52<\/b><\/p>\n

[3] \u201ceighth hour\u201d \u2013 The eighth hour was the usual bathing hour, which was the eighth hour after sunrise.\u00a0 The dinner usually followed at the ninth hour after sunrise<\/span> (Post 1908, 281).\u00a0 For a wonderful discussion of how ancient Romans told the time, <\/span>see<\/span> \u201cHow they did it -keeping time in ancient Rome\u201d<\/span><\/a> (Invicta History 2019.)<\/span><\/p>\n

[5] \u201clettuce\u201d \u2013 <\/span>lactuca <\/span><\/i>in Latin- on the history of lettuce and why the Latin word is related to \u201clactic\u201d (milky), see <\/span>\u201cThe History of Lettuce\u201d<\/span><\/a> (Fischer 2019).<\/span><\/p>\n

[10] \u201cVelabran hearth\u201d \u2013 The cheese brought together over a Velabran hearth was probably a smoked cheese.\u00a0 The cheesemongers of the Velabrum, whose businesses were situated between the Palatine Hill and the Tiber, had a great reputation for their cheeses (Post 1908, 282).<\/span><\/p>\n

[11] \u201colives\u201d from Picenum – Picenum is the ancient name for the Adriatic region now called Marche and it is still known for its olives:<\/span><\/p>\n

Map showing the Marche region (Picenum) in Italy (<\/span>Wikimedia Commons<\/span><\/a>, CC BY-SA 3.0 TUBS)<\/span><\/p>\n

Photograph of Picenian olives (from <\/span>Bartner 2010<\/span><\/a>)<\/span><\/p>\n

[14] \u201cbirds of the yard\u201d \u2013 These would be domestic fowl (Post 1908, 282).<\/span><\/p>\n

[15] \u201cStella\u201d- L. Arruntius Stella, a wealthy Roman known for exotic fare at his dinner parties, who was a patron of both Martial and Statius (<\/span>Citroni 2015<\/span><\/a>).<\/span><\/p>\n

[17-18] \u201cGiants\u201d and \u201cPastorals\u201d \u2013 Julius Cerialis had written a <\/span>Gigantomachia <\/span><\/i>(War of the Giants) as well as an agricultural poem <\/span>Rura <\/span><\/i>(Pastorals)<\/span>, <\/span><\/i>both imitating Vergil.\u00a0 The giants referred to were a race of monsters, sons of Earth and Tartarus, who tried to storm Olympus, but were smitten by Jupiter with lightening and buried under Mt. Etna and other volcanoes (Smith 1960, 295).<\/span><\/p>\n

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Sources<\/strong><\/h2>\n

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Bartner, Ashley. 2010. \u201c<\/span>Picking Olives in Italy – The Harvest & Cold Press<\/span><\/a>.\u201d La Tavola Marche. Accessed April 18, 2022. <\/span>https:\/\/latavolamarche.blogspot.com\/2010\/12\/picking-olives-in-italy-harvest-cold.html<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Berry, Joanne. 2011. \u201cWork and Play in Everyday Pompeii Gallery.\u201d BBC. Accessed April 18, 2022. <\/span>https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/history\/ancient\/romans\/daily_life_gallery_03.shtml<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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translation and commentary by Richard Hill Burton Translation 2.37Whatever is put out for dinner, you sweep up on this side and on that: teats of sow\u2019s udder, a rib of pork, a woodcock to be shared by two, half a mullet, a whole wolf fish, a side of lamprey, a thigh of chicken [5] and […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4980,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"on","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-522","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/romandining\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/522","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/romandining\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/romandining\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/romandining\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4980"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/romandining\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=522"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/romandining\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/522\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":525,"href":"https:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/romandining\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/522\/revisions\/525"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/romandining\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=522"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}