{"id":117,"date":"2021-09-01T20:02:38","date_gmt":"2021-09-02T00:02:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/researchmethods-fall2021\/?p=117"},"modified":"2021-09-01T20:02:38","modified_gmt":"2021-09-02T00:02:38","slug":"summary-of-chapter-3","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/researchmethods-fall2021\/2021\/09\/01\/summary-of-chapter-3\/","title":{"rendered":"Summary of Chapter 3"},"content":{"rendered":"<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Chapter 3 &#8211; The Research Process\u00a0<\/span><\/h3>\n<h4><em><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Paradigms of Social Research\u00a0<\/span><\/em><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Mental models or frames of reference are called <\/span><b>paradigms.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u00a0<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">People view social reality in different ways which can constrain their thinking and reasoning.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Recognizing paradigms is important to see the difference in peoples\u2019 perceptions of the same social phenomenon.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Subconscious paradigms can interfere with research.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Two popular paradigms\u00a0<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Positivism<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> &#8211;\u00a0 knowledge should be only based on what can be observed and measured.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Post-positivism<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> &#8211; make reasonable inferences by using both observations and reasoning.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Ontology<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> &#8211; how we see the world.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Epistemology<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">&#8211; the best way to study the world, whether it should be subjective or objective.\u00a0<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Functionalism<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> &#8211; the world has a social order (ontology) and understanding patterns of events and behaviors is the best approach (epistemology).<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Interpretivism<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> &#8211; study the social order through the subjective interpretation of participants.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Radical Structuralism <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">&#8211; seeks to understand or enact change using an objectivist approach.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Radical humanism <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">&#8211; wants to understand social change by using a subjective perspective.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Scientists are primarily concerned with understanding generalizable behavior, events or phenomena, rather than idiosyncratic or changing events.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u201cOur personal paradigms are like \u2018colored glasses\u2019 that govern how we view the world and how we structure our thoughts about what we see in the world\u201d (Bhattacharjee, 2012,p. 17).<\/span><\/p>\n<h4><em><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Overview of the Research Process\u00a0<\/span><\/em><\/h4>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Observation<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> &#8211; observe a phenomenon, event, behavior.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Rationalization<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">&#8211;\u00a0 make sense of what you observed.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Validation<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">&#8211; test the theory using the scientific method.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Steps to the functionalist research process<\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Exploration<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> &#8211; selecting research questions for further investigation, examining literature, and identifying theories to help answer questions.<\/span>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Research questions- specific questions about behavior, event, or phenomenon that you want answers to.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Literature review<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> &#8211;<\/span>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">What current knowledge is already available.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Find key authors, articles, and finding in that area.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Identify gaps in the knowledge already established.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Identify theories <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">that help you address the question you want to answer.<\/span>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Theories must be chosen based on their problem.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Research design <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">&#8211; plan to answer the research question established in the exploration phase.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Operationalization<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> &#8211; establishing measurements for abstract constructs.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Research method<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> &#8211; how the researcher wishes to collect data.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Sampling<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> &#8211; taking a smaller portion of the population you are researching to make the experiment more feasible.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Research proposal<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> &#8211; document all the decisions made so far and the reasoning behind those decisions.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Research execution<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> &#8211;\u00a0<\/span>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Pilot testing<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">&#8211;\u00a0 helps find potential problems in the research and is ran on a small portion of the target audience.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Data collection<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> &#8211; using the sample population to collect data regarding the research question.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Data analysis<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> &#8211; analyze the data and explain the conclusions you came to pertaining to the research question.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Research report <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u00a0&#8211; Final Phase\u00a0<\/span>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Producing a research paper detailing the process and findings of your research.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h4><em><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Common Mistakes in Research\u00a0<\/span><\/em><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Research questions do not answer a problem that a large group of people experiences.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Working on research that will lose value over time.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Using the wrong research method to collect data.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Collecting data before establishing why the data was collected.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Problems are not answered because there is not enough information <\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Chapter 3 &#8211; The Research Process\u00a0 Paradigms of Social Research\u00a0 Mental models or frames of reference are called paradigms.\u00a0 People view social reality in different ways which can constrain their thinking and reasoning. Recognizing paradigms is important to see the difference in peoples\u2019 perceptions of the same social phenomenon. Subconscious paradigms can interfere with research.\u00a0 Two popular paradigms\u00a0 Positivism &#8211;\u00a0&#8230; <a href=\"https:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/researchmethods-fall2021\/2021\/09\/01\/summary-of-chapter-3\/\">Read more &raquo;<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3842,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[177784],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-117","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-chapter-summary"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/researchmethods-fall2021\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/117","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/researchmethods-fall2021\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/researchmethods-fall2021\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/researchmethods-fall2021\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3842"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/researchmethods-fall2021\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=117"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/researchmethods-fall2021\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/117\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":118,"href":"https:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/researchmethods-fall2021\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/117\/revisions\/118"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/researchmethods-fall2021\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=117"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/researchmethods-fall2021\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=117"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/researchmethods-fall2021\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=117"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}