{"id":862,"date":"2021-04-30T05:18:05","date_gmt":"2021-04-30T09:18:05","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/mus123spr2021\/?p=862"},"modified":"2021-04-30T05:21:36","modified_gmt":"2021-04-30T09:21:36","slug":"862","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/mus123spr2021\/2021\/04\/30\/862\/","title":{"rendered":"Women in Film: Overcoming the Glass Ceiling"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Female representation within the music industry has fallen short of achieving parity for generations. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">In the 19th century especially, women were discouraged from pursuing professional careers in music. Middle class girls, facing the \u201crequirement\u201d of learning how to play the piano, would often labor over the piano for hours in order to appease her appointed family service.\u00a0 These young women were expected to play home music only at the request of her father and for friends of the family; personal playing for reasons beyond these purposes would be detrimental to her qualities as a daughter. <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_862_1('footnote_plugin_reference_862_1_1');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_862_1('footnote_plugin_reference_862_1_1');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_862_1_1\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">1<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_862_1_1\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Solie, Ruth A. <i>Music in Other Words: Victorian Conversations<\/i>. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_862_1_1').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_862_1_1', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Although it could be argued that female musicians are not as restrained and prohibited from playing instruments for their own desires, many of these limitations and prejudices against female musicians have carried on today. As we have observed in class readings and discussions, there are double standards for male and female musicians, with male artists often being able to express topics concerning sexuality while female artists are commonly shunned for doing so. Both conscious and unconscious gender discrimination within the music field have increasingly led to deserving female musicians being overlooked for employment and commission opportunities (as well as regionition for their achievements), while male colleagues continue to dominate the industry. According to a recent study by the <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Annenberg Inclusion Initiative at the University of Southern California, there has been a regression in female representation within the popular music industry over the past decade <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_862_1('footnote_plugin_reference_862_1_2');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_862_1('footnote_plugin_reference_862_1_2');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_862_1_2\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">2<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_862_1_2\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Smith, Stacy L, Katherine Piper, Marc Choueiti, Karla Hernandez, and Kevin Yao. \u201cInclusion in the Recording Studio?,\u201d March 2021<span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_862_1_2').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_862_1_2', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The study found that female artists in 2020 represented 20.2 percent of the performing artists of the year top songs, a decline from 22.5 percent in 2019 and even less than the 9-year average of 21.6 percent.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-863\" src=\"http:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/mus123spr2021\/files\/2021\/04\/Female-Representation-in-the-Popular-Music-Industry-2012-2020.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"371\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/mus123spr2021\/files\/2021\/04\/Female-Representation-in-the-Popular-Music-Industry-2012-2020.png 600w, https:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/mus123spr2021\/files\/2021\/04\/Female-Representation-in-the-Popular-Music-Industry-2012-2020-300x186.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Figure 1: Female representation within the popular music industry between 2012-2019.\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Graph reflecting data from the USC Annenberg Inclusion Initiative\u2019s 2021 Report<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">When one considers female representation in the film scoring industry, the disparity appears to be even more jarring. Female composers comprised only 6% of the composers in the top 250 grossing films of 2019, and no female composers were nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Score in 2019.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-864\" src=\"http:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/mus123spr2021\/files\/2021\/04\/ShareImage.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"2167\" height=\"1297\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/mus123spr2021\/files\/2021\/04\/ShareImage.png 2167w, https:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/mus123spr2021\/files\/2021\/04\/ShareImage-300x180.png 300w, https:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/mus123spr2021\/files\/2021\/04\/ShareImage-768x460.png 768w, https:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/mus123spr2021\/files\/2021\/04\/ShareImage-1024x613.png 1024w, https:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/mus123spr2021\/files\/2021\/04\/ShareImage-940x563.png 940w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2167px) 100vw, 2167px\" \/>Figure 2: Percentage female representation in film scoring between 2013-2019.\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Data retrieved from the Center for the Study of Women in Television and Film<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The topic of female representation in music (and, in turn, the film industry) is increasingly becoming of interest. With projects such as USC Annenberg&#8217;s Inclusion Initiative and documentaries such as David Donnelly\u2019s <i>Forte<\/i>, gender discrimination within the music industry (and, in turn, film scoring industry) is becoming more exposed to the public. In this blog post, I will discuss select works by female composers Hildur Gu\u00f0nad\u00f3ttir<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> and <\/span>Pinar Toprak as well as address how their expertise has been questioned by others in their field<span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. Though they come from different geographical backgrounds and were classically trained on different instruments, both have experienced the same glass ceiling <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">as they pursued their careers in music performance and composition<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: musical genius being questioned due to gender.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>Hildur Gu\u00f0nad\u00f3ttir\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-900\" src=\"http:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/mus123spr2021\/files\/2021\/04\/118689477_10157397105885849_2943895086471646796_n.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1845\" height=\"1040\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/mus123spr2021\/files\/2021\/04\/118689477_10157397105885849_2943895086471646796_n.jpg 1845w, https:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/mus123spr2021\/files\/2021\/04\/118689477_10157397105885849_2943895086471646796_n-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/mus123spr2021\/files\/2021\/04\/118689477_10157397105885849_2943895086471646796_n-768x433.jpg 768w, https:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/mus123spr2021\/files\/2021\/04\/118689477_10157397105885849_2943895086471646796_n-1024x577.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/mus123spr2021\/files\/2021\/04\/118689477_10157397105885849_2943895086471646796_n-940x530.jpg 940w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1845px) 100vw, 1845px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Hildur Gu\u00f0nad\u00f3ttir (pronounced <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">HIL-dur GUDNA-duh-tur) is a Grammy and Academy-award winning Icelandic musician and composer. Raised in a musical family, <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Gu\u00f0nad\u00f3ttir had an early exposure to music. Her father is a composer, clarinet player, and teacher, while her mother is an opera singer and her brother is a musician in the band Agent Fresco <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_862_1('footnote_plugin_reference_862_1_3');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_862_1('footnote_plugin_reference_862_1_3');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_862_1_3\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">3<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_862_1_3\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Rogers, John. \u201cAlien Communication: From Hafnarfj\u00f6r\u00f0ur To Hollywood, Hildur Gu\u00f0nad\u00f3ttir Hits The Big Time.\u201d The Reykjavik Grapevine. Grapevine.is, February 10, 2020<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_862_1_3').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_862_1_3', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>. She recalls attending chamber rehearsals with her father and how being constantly surrounded by musicians and their instruments influenced how she thought of music. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Influenced by her mother to play the cello, <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Gu\u00f0nad\u00f3ttir<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> would begin classical training at the age of 5 and would have her first gig as a professional musician by the age of 10. At this age, she would often work alongside her mother to draw interest from tourists. <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_862_1('footnote_plugin_reference_862_1_4');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_862_1('footnote_plugin_reference_862_1_4');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_862_1_4\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">4<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_862_1_4\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Rogers, John. \u201cAlien Communication: From Hafnarfj\u00f6r\u00f0ur To Hollywood, Hildur Gu\u00f0nad\u00f3ttir Hits The Big Time.\u201d The Reykjavik Grapevine. Grapevine.is, February 10, 2020<span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_862_1_4').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_862_1_4', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> :<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u201cIn the summer season we would hijack buses full of tourists on their way from the airport and take them to this park where they had these caves and I would sing to them and serve them shark.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Yet, even with her familial background and early exposures to solo performance, Gu\u00f0nad\u00f3ttir\u2019s expertise was often overlooked and questioned by others in her field and by the public.\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">In an interview with Epicelff Media, she stated that she would meet people who were skeptical of the abilities of female film scorers, with some often asking \u201cBut can she deal with it, can she handle it\u201d. As Gu\u00f0nad\u00f3ttir laughs following her reiteration of this sentiment, it is especially made clear that such preconceived notions about a female\u2019s ability to \u201chandle\u201d film scoring are absurd. The revelation that Gu\u00f0nad\u00f3ttir still experiences suggestions of incompetency despite her expertise implies the significance gender has on one\u2019s success as a film scorer. While being raised within a wealthy, musical family can be helpful in advancing one\u2019s career, female film scorers often struggle to reap these benefits due to an abundance of gender discrimination in the industry.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"&quot;Hell yes women can score films.&quot; - &#039;Joker&#039; composer Hildur Gu\u00f0nad\u00f3ttir\" width=\"600\" height=\"338\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/G0V2x-mSPeY?start=31&#038;feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">In recent years, Gu\u00f0nad\u00f3ttir has begun to achieve recognition for her work.\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">In 2020, <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Gu\u00f0nad\u00f3ttir received an Oscar for her original film score in Joker (2019), making her only the fourth woman to receive an \u00a0Academy Award for best original score, the first woman to receive the award for a dramatic composition, and\u00a0the first woman to receive an Academy Award in over 20 years. <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_862_1('footnote_plugin_reference_862_1_5');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_862_1('footnote_plugin_reference_862_1_5');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_862_1_5\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">5<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_862_1_5\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Willman, Chris, and Kate Arthur. \u201cHildur Gu\u00f0nad\u00f3ttir, First Female Oscar Score Winner in 23 Years, Tells Women &#8216;We Need to Hear Your Voices&#8217;.\u201d Variety. Variety, February 9, 2020<span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_862_1_5').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_862_1_5', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Joker Official Soundtrack | Bathroom Dance - Hildur Gu\u00f0nad\u00f3ttir | WaterTower\" width=\"600\" height=\"338\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/8z5-Wum2enQ?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">For both the 2020 and the 2021 Grammy Awards, Gu\u00f0nad\u00f3ttir was the only female composer nominated for Best Score Soundtrack for Visual Media award, and in 2021 she achieved the award over composer John Williams, who currently holds the record for most wins and nominations for the award. <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_862_1('footnote_plugin_reference_862_1_6');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_862_1('footnote_plugin_reference_862_1_6');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_862_1_6\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">6<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_862_1_6\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u201cHildur Gu\u00f0nad\u00f3ttir.\u201d GRAMMY.com, April 22, 2021.<span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_862_1_6').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_862_1_6', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Through her achievements, Gu\u00f0nad\u00f3ttir hopes to eliminate the limits placed on female film scorers and encourage other female film scorers that they, too, can be successful in the industry. In her acceptance speech for her 2020 Academy Award,\u00a0Gu\u00f0nad\u00f3ttir stated: \u201cTo the girls, to the women, to the mothers, to the daughters, who hear the music bubbling within, please speak up. We need to hear your voices&#8221;<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_862_1('footnote_plugin_reference_862_1_7');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_862_1('footnote_plugin_reference_862_1_7');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_862_1_7\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">7<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_862_1_7\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Willman, Chris, and Kate Arthur. \u201cHildur Gu\u00f0nad\u00f3ttir, First Female Oscar Score Winner in 23 Years, Tells Women &#8216;We Need to Hear Your Voices&#8217;.\u201d Variety. Variety, February 9, 2020. <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/variety.com\/2020\/film\/awards\/hildur-duonadottir-wins-academy-award-oscar-joker-original-score-1203498316\/<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_862_1_7').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_862_1_7', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Pinar Toprak<\/b><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-871\" src=\"http:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/mus123spr2021\/files\/2021\/04\/IMG_8937-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1920\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/mus123spr2021\/files\/2021\/04\/IMG_8937-scaled.jpg 2560w, https:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/mus123spr2021\/files\/2021\/04\/IMG_8937-scaled-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/mus123spr2021\/files\/2021\/04\/IMG_8937-scaled-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/mus123spr2021\/files\/2021\/04\/IMG_8937-scaled-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/mus123spr2021\/files\/2021\/04\/IMG_8937-scaled-940x705.jpg 940w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Similarly to Gu\u00f0nad\u00f3ttir, Turkish American composer Pinar Toprak has also become a promising pioneer for females in the film score industry. Toprak was born and raised in Istanbul, Turkey. Though her father was an accountant, he had played violin and had performed in stage productions during his earlier years. He had a prominent influence on her interest in music and films <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_862_1('footnote_plugin_reference_862_1_8');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_862_1('footnote_plugin_reference_862_1_8');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_862_1_8\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">8<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_862_1_8\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Fade to Her. \u201cInterview with Pinar Toprak.\u201d September 13, 2020<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_862_1_8').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_862_1_8', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>. Particularly, his introduction of American works such as Superman (1978) initiated her fascination with the scores of John Williams and other film scorers featured in superhero films. With the encouragement of her father, Toprak began her classical music education in a local conservatory at the age of five<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_862_1('footnote_plugin_reference_862_1_9');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_862_1('footnote_plugin_reference_862_1_9');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_862_1_9\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">9<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_862_1_9\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Toprak, Pinar. \u201cAbout.\u201d Pinar Toprak, February 26, 2021. <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.pinartoprak.com\/about\/<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_862_1_9').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_862_1_9', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>.\u00a0Though she initiated her studies as a violinist, Toprak would soon switch to playing the guitar and ultimately focus on multi-instrumentalism<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. While Toprak was not born to a family that performed or composed music as their profession, we can see how significant her father\u2019s admiration of the arts was on her fascination with film scoring. Moreover, her enrollment into a conservatory at an early age seems to mirror that of several prominent classical musicians.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Still, her gender would provide an obstacle for Toprak. While a student at Berklee, Toprak would experience negative reactions to her aspiration to compose for films, with her advisors even telling her to &#8220;be smart&#8221; when she expressed her interests. <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_862_1('footnote_plugin_reference_862_1_10');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_862_1('footnote_plugin_reference_862_1_10');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_862_1_10\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">10<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_862_1_10\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Greiving, Tim. \u201cThe Billion-Dollar Composer.\u201d Alta Online, October 29, 2020<span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_862_1_10').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_862_1_10', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>. At one point, Toprak believed these opinions. After graduating from Berklee College of Music at the age of 19, Toprak would pursue a master\u2019s degree from California State University, Northridge. Through this program, Toprak would receive a recommendation for an internship at Paramount Pictures. The internship would expose Toprak to scoring sessions almost daily, helping her to eventually achieve her goal of working at Hans Zimmer\u2019s music production company. <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_862_1('footnote_plugin_reference_862_1_11');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_862_1('footnote_plugin_reference_862_1_11');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_862_1_11\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">11<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_862_1_11\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Disney Youth Programs. \u201cDisney Youth Programs Blog.\u201d Inspiration from the Pros: Captain Marvel&#8217;s Pinar Toprak, March 25, 2019. <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.disneyyouth.com\/blog\/inspiration-from-the-pros-captain-marvels-pinar-toprak\/<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_862_1_11').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_862_1_11', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Toprak\u2019s upbringing and years of education in composition would eventually contribute to her success in being selected for movie projects such as <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Lightkeepers <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(2009) and in video games such as Epic Games\u2019 Fortnite.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"The Lightkeeper&#039;s Assistant\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/Asjq0vt14iI?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=jTWztlhECK4\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=jTWztlhECK4<\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Though Toprak has a notable amount of credits, the score that appears to have drawn significant attention to Toprak in recent years has been her film score for <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Captain Marvel<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. With this score, <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Toprak would become the first female to compose for a film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe and the first female to score for a movie that grossed more than 1 billion dollars <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_862_1('footnote_plugin_reference_862_1_12');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_862_1('footnote_plugin_reference_862_1_12');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_862_1_12\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">12<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_862_1_12\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Greiving, Tim. \u201cThe Billion-Dollar Composer.\u201d Alta Online, October 29, 2020<span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_862_1_12').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_862_1_12', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Main Theme - Captain Marvel - Pinar Toprak\" width=\"600\" height=\"338\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/IDKld33j7Ns?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">In the <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Captain Marvel<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> main theme, we are able to hear brass instrumentation that is common in Marvel\u2019s superhero films and other musical elements that point back to Toprak\u2019s classical training. The ornamentation in this theme is also noticeably different from her work in\u00a0<em>The Lightkeepers<\/em>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Being selected to score for a Marvel film had been a goal of Toprak\u2019s for years, as she had previously pitched a demo for Wonder Woman (2017), but was not chosen. As Toprak revealed in an interview at the <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Captain Marvel<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> premiere in Hollywood: <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_862_1('footnote_plugin_reference_862_1_13');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_862_1('footnote_plugin_reference_862_1_13');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_862_1_13\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">13<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_862_1_13\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Huver, Scott. \u201cFirst Woman to Score a Marvel Movie Hired a 70-Piece Orchestra to Get the Job.\u201d Vulture. Vulture, March 8, 2019<span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_862_1_13').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_862_1_13', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u00a0\u201cI went and hired a 70-piece orchestra and did a big production of it so that they could see me in front of the orchestra conducting, and I did another video inside my studio where I talked about the character and the theme. I really wanted to put my best foot forward, and I\u2019m very grateful it worked out.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Toprak\u2019s inspiration to provide such an extensive (and expensive) demo shows how dedicated and committed she was to gaining this project. Arguably, though, it is also indicative of the extremes female musicians must undergo in order to prove themselves worthy of receiving the same recognition that their male counterparts would receive ordinarily. Still, as we can observe through Toprak\u2019s journey and accomplishments, modern female composers are increasingly resisting the stigma placed against them. Most importantly, as we learn from the works of both Toprak and Gu\u00f0nad\u00f3ttir, women are not limited to only composing \u201clight\u201d and \u201csoft\u201d compositions. Female composers are just as capable of having as much versatility in musical theme and style as their male colleagues.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Conclusion<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">All in all, while there has been advancement in the music professions that female musicians can pursue, female film scorers (and musicians in general) continue to have to fight for proper recognition and respect from others in their field and from the general public. As highlighted by director Beryl Richards: <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_862_1('footnote_plugin_reference_862_1_14');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_862_1('footnote_plugin_reference_862_1_14');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_862_1_14\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">14<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_862_1_14\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Ellis-Peterson, Hannah. \u201cGender Bias in the Film Industry: 75% of Blockbuster Crews Are Male.\u201d The Guardian. Guardian News and Media, July 22, 2014<span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_862_1_14').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_862_1_14', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">&#8220;On so many sets women are seen as lesser beings in terms of status and many women still find it hard to be taken seriously\u2026.There are still a lot of hostile working environments in film and television for women to walk into that need to be addressed, where they are treated differently from the men, but because of the nature of the industry none of these people get called out\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Thus, it is important that discussions concerning gender representation within the film scoring industry continue to be emphasized. Doing so would likely help to expose and reduce biases towards female composers and amount toward equitable pay amongst film scorers. Additionally, an important measure that was not addressed in this paper was the additional discrimination women of color face within the industry. As revealed through the Inclusion Initiative\u2019s 2021 report <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_862_1('footnote_plugin_reference_862_1_15');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_862_1('footnote_plugin_reference_862_1_15');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_862_1_15\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">15<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_862_1_15\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Smith, Stacy L, Katherine Piper, Marc Choueiti, Karla Hernandez, and Kevin Yao. \u201cInclusion in the Recording Studio?,\u201d March 2021<span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_862_1_15').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_862_1_15', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>, women of color are far less likely than their white female colleagues to work in careers such as film directing, film production, and in executive positions. Many of these women indicated that both their gender and their race negatively impacted the amount of career opportunities they had. Therefore, as women of color are especially less likely to gain opportunities in film scoring, it is important that racial disparities are also considered as steps are made to achieve equity within the industry.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><strong>Word count<\/strong>: 1826<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b>Discussion questions<\/b><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Based on this blog post and our discussions throughout Meaning and Music, we acknowledged that many of the musicians who are viewed as being \u201cgenius\u201d had the privilege of being born into wealthy and\/or musical families. This unspoken \u201cprerequisite\u201d arguably places an additional barrier for families that have been disadvantaged over generations due to institutionalized racism and sexism. How do you think these opportunities could become more accessible to aspiring musicians facing socioeconomic hardship?<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">What do you think the film scoring industry should do to improve the significant gap in the representation of film scorers who are women of color?<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div class=\"speaker-mute footnotes_reference_container\"> <div class=\"footnote_container_prepare\"><p><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_label pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_862_1();\">References<\/span><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button\" style=\"display: none;\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_862_1();\">[<a id=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_862_1\">+<\/a>]<\/span><\/p><\/div> <div id=\"footnote_references_container_862_1\" style=\"\"><table class=\"footnotes_table footnote-reference-container\"><caption class=\"accessibility\">References<\/caption> <tbody> \r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_862_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_862_1_1');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_862_1_1\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>1<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Solie, Ruth A. <i>Music in Other Words: Victorian Conversations<\/i>. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi\" ><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_862_1_2\" class=\"footnote_backlink\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_862_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_862_1_2');\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>2,<\/a> <a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_862_1_15\" class=\"footnote_backlink\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_862_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_862_1_15');\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>15<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Smith, Stacy L, Katherine Piper, Marc Choueiti, Karla Hernandez, and Kevin Yao. \u201cInclusion in the Recording Studio?,\u201d March 2021<span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_862_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_862_1_3');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_862_1_3\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>3<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Rogers, John. \u201cAlien Communication: From Hafnarfj\u00f6r\u00f0ur To Hollywood, Hildur Gu\u00f0nad\u00f3ttir Hits The Big Time.\u201d The Reykjavik Grapevine. Grapevine.is, February 10, 2020<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_862_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_862_1_4');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_862_1_4\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>4<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Rogers, John. \u201cAlien Communication: From Hafnarfj\u00f6r\u00f0ur To Hollywood, Hildur Gu\u00f0nad\u00f3ttir Hits The Big Time.\u201d The Reykjavik Grapevine. Grapevine.is, February 10, 2020<span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_862_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_862_1_5');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_862_1_5\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>5<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Willman, Chris, and Kate Arthur. \u201cHildur Gu\u00f0nad\u00f3ttir, First Female Oscar Score Winner in 23 Years, Tells Women &#8216;We Need to Hear Your Voices&#8217;.\u201d Variety. Variety, February 9, 2020<span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_862_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_862_1_6');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_862_1_6\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>6<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u201cHildur Gu\u00f0nad\u00f3ttir.\u201d GRAMMY.com, April 22, 2021.<span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_862_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_862_1_7');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_862_1_7\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>7<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Willman, Chris, and Kate Arthur. \u201cHildur Gu\u00f0nad\u00f3ttir, First Female Oscar Score Winner in 23 Years, Tells Women &#8216;We Need to Hear Your Voices&#8217;.\u201d Variety. Variety, February 9, 2020. <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/variety.com\/2020\/film\/awards\/hildur-duonadottir-wins-academy-award-oscar-joker-original-score-1203498316\/<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_862_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_862_1_8');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_862_1_8\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>8<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Fade to Her. \u201cInterview with Pinar Toprak.\u201d September 13, 2020<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_862_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_862_1_9');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_862_1_9\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>9<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Toprak, Pinar. \u201cAbout.\u201d Pinar Toprak, February 26, 2021. <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.pinartoprak.com\/about\/<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi\" ><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_862_1_10\" class=\"footnote_backlink\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_862_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_862_1_10');\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>10,<\/a> <a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_862_1_12\" class=\"footnote_backlink\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_862_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_862_1_12');\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>12<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Greiving, Tim. \u201cThe Billion-Dollar Composer.\u201d Alta Online, October 29, 2020<span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_862_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_862_1_11');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_862_1_11\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>11<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Disney Youth Programs. \u201cDisney Youth Programs Blog.\u201d Inspiration from the Pros: Captain Marvel&#8217;s Pinar Toprak, March 25, 2019. <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.disneyyouth.com\/blog\/inspiration-from-the-pros-captain-marvels-pinar-toprak\/<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_862_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_862_1_13');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_862_1_13\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>13<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Huver, Scott. \u201cFirst Woman to Score a Marvel Movie Hired a 70-Piece Orchestra to Get the Job.\u201d Vulture. Vulture, March 8, 2019<span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_862_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_862_1_14');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_862_1_14\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>14<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Ellis-Peterson, Hannah. \u201cGender Bias in the Film Industry: 75% of Blockbuster Crews Are Male.\u201d The Guardian. Guardian News and Media, July 22, 2014<span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n <\/tbody> <\/table> <\/div><\/div><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> function footnote_expand_reference_container_862_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_862_1').show(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_862_1').text('\u2212'); } function footnote_collapse_reference_container_862_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_862_1').hide(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_862_1').text('+'); } function footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_862_1() { if (jQuery('#footnote_references_container_862_1').is(':hidden')) { footnote_expand_reference_container_862_1(); } else { footnote_collapse_reference_container_862_1(); } } function footnote_moveToReference_862_1(p_str_TargetID) { footnote_expand_reference_container_862_1(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery('#' + p_str_TargetID); if (l_obj_Target.length) { jQuery( 'html, body' ).delay( 0 ); jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight * 0.2 }, 380); } } function footnote_moveToAnchor_862_1(p_str_TargetID) { footnote_expand_reference_container_862_1(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery('#' + p_str_TargetID); if (l_obj_Target.length) { jQuery( 'html, body' ).delay( 0 ); jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight * 0.2 }, 380); } }<\/script>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Female representation within the music industry has fallen short of achieving parity for generations. In the 19th century especially, women were discouraged from pursuing professional careers in music. Middle class girls, facing the \u201crequirement\u201d of learning how to play the &#8230; <a class=\"more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/mus123spr2021\/2021\/04\/30\/862\/\">Read More &raquo;<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4274,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-862","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/mus123spr2021\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/862","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/mus123spr2021\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/mus123spr2021\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/mus123spr2021\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4274"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/mus123spr2021\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=862"}],"version-history":[{"count":30,"href":"https:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/mus123spr2021\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/862\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":907,"href":"https:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/mus123spr2021\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/862\/revisions\/907"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/mus123spr2021\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=862"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/mus123spr2021\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=862"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/mus123spr2021\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=862"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}