{"id":423,"date":"2020-12-10T23:32:56","date_gmt":"2020-12-11T04:32:56","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/mus123\/?p=423"},"modified":"2020-12-11T00:00:13","modified_gmt":"2020-12-11T05:00:13","slug":"kanye-wests-genius-in-the-modern-music-industry","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/mus123\/2020\/12\/10\/kanye-wests-genius-in-the-modern-music-industry\/","title":{"rendered":"Kanye West&#8217;s Genius in the Modern Music Industry"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Throughout the course of the semester, our class has been fortunate to gain insights into the ways in which musicians can depict characteristics such as gender, disability, and sexuality throughout their pieces in musical matters, including tempo, instrumentation, and pitch. Through our analyses this semester throughout these different units, I have come to realize that in the modern world, while these matters continue to be critical parameters for depicting these subject matters, artists have built upon these matters in an attempt to offer new perspectives and advance their respective genres into being a more progressive and better representation of the issues within themselves and prevalent throughout society.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The rap genre is a fascinating case study to understand how quickly these changes can come about given the industry&#8217;s unparalleled growth throughout the past few decades. According to<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Rolling Stone<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, hip hop was the most listened to genre in the United States, accounting for 24.7% of song consumption<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_423_1('footnote_plugin_reference_423_1_1');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_423_1('footnote_plugin_reference_423_1_1');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_423_1_1\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">1<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_423_1_1\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Elias Leight, \u201cHip Hop Continued to Dominate the Music Business in 2018,\u201d in <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Rolling Stone<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, January 3, 2019, <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.rollingstone.com\/music\/music-news\/hip-hop-continued-to-dominate-the-music-business-in-2018-774422\/<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_423_1_1').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_423_1_1', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. While this statistic depicts the popularity of the genre when put into context of its 18.18% increase from the year prior, it emphasizes the unparalleled growth of the genre, and the potential to continue to impact younger generations.\u00a0 In this period of growth, it has become easier for more rappers to become prominent and grow fan bases through capitalizing on trends within the genre. However, through this, it has become increasingly clear as to which artists are able to progress the genre by experimenting stylistically through utilizing different tempos, instrumentations, pitches, and subject matters not traditional to the genre, and those who simply follow the trends. I think it is this distinction that allows listeners to determine who the geniuses within the industry are, and helps make sense as to why certain artists have remained prominent throughout the industry for longer. When looking at the genre in this context, I think there is no better artist to recognize than Kanye West.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">When using the term \u2018genius\u2019 in regards to music, it is critical to understand the history of the use of the word. Typically, when asked about geniuses within the music industry, people are fast to describe composers including Mozart, Beethoven, and Bach. In The Avid Listener Blog article <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Problem With Geniuses, <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">author Sara Haefeli describes how these prompt answers are problematic for a myriad of reasons. To start, they reaffirm racial and gendered connotations of the word, which can inhibit those who do not fit into that racial and gender group to feel unwelcome in making music and prohibits their pursuit<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_423_1('footnote_plugin_reference_423_1_2');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_423_1('footnote_plugin_reference_423_1_2');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_423_1_2\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">2<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_423_1_2\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Sara Haefeli, \u201cThe Problem with Geniuses,\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Avid Listener<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, July 24, 2020, <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/theavidlistenerblog.com\/2020\/07\/24\/the-problem-with-geniuses\/.<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_423_1_2').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_423_1_2', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">These connotations perhaps can explain how both women and African Americans remain underrepresented in fields such as music, where there is a belief that innate talent is a requirement for success. Additionally, focusing on past composers to describe musical genius also reinforces a notion that there are no new grounds of discovery in the music industry, which is another deterrent for aspiring artists. Finally, this connotation of genius also deters listeners from wanting to study music more in-depth, as it suggests the only geniuses perceived by society are to be older white male composers of classical music, it undermines any discoveries they may have found in other artists and suggests to them that they lack skills of being a proficient or sophisticated listener. Since it is clearly problematic to focus on musicians of the past when describing musical genius, it is essential to change the narrative to evolve our understanding of genius into a modern perspective by exploring the advancements artists have made in their respective industries throughout their careers.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Throughout his career in the music industry, Kanye West has been at the forefront of progression in rap. Early on in his career, he earned a name for himself within the industry for his swift skills as a producer and his ability to convey meaning lyrically. West was an early adopter of sampling other works across a variety of genres and decades and was able to put his own spin on existing works to cultivate a new meaning to their modern listener. A great example of this is seen throughout the course of Kanye West\u2019s album <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Graduation<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and in particular, his song \u201cStronger.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Kanye West - Stronger\" width=\"600\" height=\"338\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/PsO6ZnUZI0g?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-467\" src=\"http:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/mus123\/files\/2020\/12\/Graduation_album.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/mus123\/files\/2020\/12\/Graduation_album.jpg 300w, https:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/mus123\/files\/2020\/12\/Graduation_album-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">On this track, Kanye demonstrates his musical genius through his usage of sampling and instrumentation. Kanye is meticulous with the instrumentation on the track, to an extent at which he created the mix 75 times and still enlisted external influence from another acclaimed producer, Timberland, to ensure the drums were exactly the way he liked <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_423_1('footnote_plugin_reference_423_1_3');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_423_1('footnote_plugin_reference_423_1_3');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_423_1_3\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">3<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_423_1_3\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Jake Indiana, \u201cThe 40 Best Kanye West Songs of All Time,\u201d in <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">HighSnobiety<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, February 27, 2020, <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.highsnobiety.com\/p\/best-kanye-west-songs\/<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_423_1_3').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_423_1_3', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. The Graduation era of Kanye is full of upbeat and uplifting works, which Kanye depicts through his choices of a fast tempo of 110 beats per minute, his consistent and sharp flow of lyrics on the beat, and his sampling of Daft Punk synthesizers. Created at an earlier point in his career and at a time while rap music was still becoming mainstream, Kanye distinguished himself within the industry for his sharp attention to detail in both production and writing abilities. Additionally, the album art cover is worth drawing attention to, as the album cover is full of bright colors, and depicts an animated creature who represents Kanye blasting off into space, which is indicative of how the album would catapult Kanye\u2019s career, in which he would graduate from becoming a well-known rapper, into a respected genius within the industry, and become a driver of change within rap music for the preceding years to come.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">As Kanye established more credibility and grew his audience, he pivoted his following projects to be more personal, depicting the controversies he has had with other public figures and the issues he has dealt with internally. Kanye\u2019s name has become synonymous with celebrity controversy over his career, some of which would linger on in public opinion for far longer than others, and jeopardize the continuation of Kanye\u2019s career within the music industry. In his times of reflection, Kanye recognized that to regain trust with his listeners, his music had to reflect his feelings of regret and necessity for change<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_423_1('footnote_plugin_reference_423_1_4');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_423_1('footnote_plugin_reference_423_1_4');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_423_1_4\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">4<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_423_1_4\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Kanye West: The Making of My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy,\u201d in <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Most Unruly, <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">February 13, 2019, <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=6t0nipO6Rcw&amp;t=333s<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_423_1_4').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_423_1_4', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>. In depicting the slew of issues and emotions Kanye overcame during this moment in his career, there is no better song to describe this than in his piece, \u201cRunaway.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Kanye West - Runaway (Extended Video Version) ft. Pusha T\" width=\"600\" height=\"338\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/L7_jYl8A73g?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u201cRunaway\u201d is unanimously chosen as Kanye\u2019s best work across his career, yet the song could not stray further from the norms of what we perceive hip hop to be<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_423_1('footnote_plugin_reference_423_1_5');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_423_1('footnote_plugin_reference_423_1_5');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_423_1_5\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">5<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_423_1_5\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Jake Indiana, \u201cThe 40 Best Kanye West Songs of All Time,\u201d in <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">HighSnobiety<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, February 27, 2020, <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.highsnobiety.com\/p\/best-kanye-west-songs\/<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_423_1_5').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_423_1_5', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>. Having a running time of nine minutes, starting off with a single piano note for the first twenty seconds, and utilizing cellos, synthesizers and samples simultaneously, Kanye digressed from the distinctive upbeat sounds off his <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Graduation <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">album that earned him such high praise and used instrumentation that was much more indicative of his mental state. When discussing how different instruments have rendered various meanings within society, we discussed how instruments such as the piano and the cello have feminine connotations due to their lack of mobility\u00a0<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_423_1('footnote_plugin_reference_423_1_6');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_423_1('footnote_plugin_reference_423_1_6');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_423_1_6\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">6<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_423_1_6\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ruth A. Solie, \u201cGirling at the Parlor Piano,\u201d in <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Music in Other Words: Victorian Conversations<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2004), pp. 85-117.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_423_1_6').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_423_1_6', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script><\/span>\u00a0<span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Despite being a male, Kanye takes the connotation of lack of mobility in a new light.\u00a0 He starts off the piece with a single piano note to depict his lack of mobility from his actions in the past and how entrapped he feels with society, and builds the piece into a symphony of other instruments to depict how he hopes to be accepted into society once again and continue making music. In creating a work with such monstrous implications for his future, Kanye also recognized he had to stay true to his stylings of using synthesizers and samples, but use them in a more meaningful manner. While Kanye previously sampled Daft Punk in his song \u201cStronger,\u201d Kanye sampled a part of Rick James\u2019 1981 song, \u201cMary Jane,\u201d repeating the phrase \u201cLook at ya\u201d over and over to depict how becoming a celebrity put Kanye on constant display for society, especially in light of his controversies<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_423_1('footnote_plugin_reference_423_1_7');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_423_1('footnote_plugin_reference_423_1_7');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_423_1_7\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">7<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_423_1_7\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Kanye West: The Making of My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy,\u201d in <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Most Unruly, <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">February 13, 2019, <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=6t0nipO6Rcw&amp;t=333s<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_423_1_7').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_423_1_7', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>. Kanye continued to use autotune and synthesizers as they are distinctive to his voice, but Kanye\u2019s pitch when he raps and sings in the song is much lower, further suggesting how he feels about his situation. The culmination of these factors makes the piece a perfect representation of Kanye\u2019s musical genius, and listeners with different levels of music knowledge can appreciate his artistic abilities in different capacities without taking away from the meaning of the work, making it a fantastic work to analyze when considering modern geniuses.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">After his widespread appraisal from <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, Kanye\u2019s career took another pivotal shift in 2016 after being diagnosed with bipolar disorder. As Kanye regained his trust with society after being so honest and personal in \u201cRunaway,\u201d Kanye knew that he had to continue on this path and have his music reflect his mental state. Fifteen years after his first album release, in 2018, Kanye released his eighth studio album, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">I Hate Being Bipolar, Its Awesome.\u00a0<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Kanye West - Violent Crimes (Lyric Video)\" width=\"600\" height=\"338\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/DSY7u8Jg9c0?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">In his song \u201cViolent Crimes,\u201d Kanye is able to continue to use his signature synthesizers and samples, but use different elements of tempo and instrumentation to convey his coping with his mental disability to his listeners. The use of slower tempo and use of pianos and organs has a hymnal connotation, suggesting a point of reflection to listeners. The visual aids of the album art also depict the shift in Kanye\u2019s life. While his <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Graduation<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> album artwork is full of vibrant colors and symbols of propelling his career, the <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">I Hate Being BiPolar&#8230;Its Awesome <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">album art has much less saturation and shows a mountain range in Wyoming, the least populated state in the United States, to depict how Kanye\u2019s disorder makes him feel desolate. Additionally, the album title\u2019s sharp shift in feelings towards his illness is suggestive of how quickly Kanye\u2019s mood can swing, and how his disorder allows him to feel such vivid emotion can allow for him to feel the highest of highs and the lowest of lows, which the mountain range further symbolizes.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">As new genres become increasingly popular, it is critical for our society to reconsider who we emphasize to be a musical genius to prompt music listenership and promote more music to be created. While composers such as Bach, Mozart, and Beethoven have created important groundwork in using different instrumentations and tempos to depict different issues or themes, our society must recognize how modern-day musicians are using these same tactics in their own works and building upon them to better demonstrate new themes within the modern world. Therefore, it is critical that we celebrate modern-day geniuses in the music industry such as Kanye West, for creating works that have masterfully used the foundations of music instrumentation and other musical elements such as tempo to depict to their audiences of varying musical knowledge the emotions they are feeling while utilizing modern tools such as synthesizers and samples to create a sound distinctively theirs. In a time of civic unrest as more racial inequities in our society are being discussed more frequently, it is imperative that we as a society reconsider our old gendered and racial definition of musical genius, and emphasize modern interpretations as the largest growing genre in music is overwhelmingly African American, and also growing in female representation<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_423_1('footnote_plugin_reference_423_1_8');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_423_1('footnote_plugin_reference_423_1_8');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_423_1_8\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">8<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_423_1_8\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Bianca Gracie, \u201cHow Women Reclaimed Hip-Hop in 2019 by Making Their Own Rules,\u201d in <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Billboard<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, December 19, 2019, <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.billboard.com\/articles\/columns\/hip-hop\/8546781\/female-rappers-2019-dominance<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_423_1_8').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_423_1_8', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u00a0By championing modern artists who have broken barriers in their genres and expanded the connotations of their genres, it can inspire younger generations who look up to these artists to become more avid listeners and performers\u00a0and continue to close the gaps in careers where innate talent is considered pivotal to success.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"speaker-mute footnotes_reference_container\"> <div class=\"footnote_container_prepare\"><p><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_label pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_423_1();\">References<\/span><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button\" style=\"display: none;\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_423_1();\">[<a id=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_423_1\">+<\/a>]<\/span><\/p><\/div> <div id=\"footnote_references_container_423_1\" style=\"\"><table class=\"footnotes_table footnote-reference-container\"><caption class=\"accessibility\">References<\/caption> <tbody> \r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_423_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_423_1_1');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_423_1_1\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>1<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Elias Leight, \u201cHip Hop Continued to Dominate the Music Business in 2018,\u201d in <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Rolling Stone<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, January 3, 2019, <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.rollingstone.com\/music\/music-news\/hip-hop-continued-to-dominate-the-music-business-in-2018-774422\/<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_423_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_423_1_2');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_423_1_2\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>2<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Sara Haefeli, \u201cThe Problem with Geniuses,\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Avid Listener<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, July 24, 2020, <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/theavidlistenerblog.com\/2020\/07\/24\/the-problem-with-geniuses\/.<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi\" ><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_423_1_3\" class=\"footnote_backlink\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_423_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_423_1_3');\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>3,<\/a> <a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_423_1_5\" class=\"footnote_backlink\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_423_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_423_1_5');\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>5<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Jake Indiana, \u201cThe 40 Best Kanye West Songs of All Time,\u201d in <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">HighSnobiety<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, February 27, 2020, <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.highsnobiety.com\/p\/best-kanye-west-songs\/<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi\" ><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_423_1_4\" class=\"footnote_backlink\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_423_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_423_1_4');\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>4,<\/a> <a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_423_1_7\" class=\"footnote_backlink\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_423_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_423_1_7');\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>7<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Kanye West: The Making of My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy,\u201d in <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Most Unruly, <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">February 13, 2019, <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=6t0nipO6Rcw&amp;t=333s<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_423_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_423_1_6');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_423_1_6\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>6<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ruth A. Solie, \u201cGirling at the Parlor Piano,\u201d in <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Music in Other Words: Victorian Conversations<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2004), pp. 85-117.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_423_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_423_1_8');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_423_1_8\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>8<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Bianca Gracie, \u201cHow Women Reclaimed Hip-Hop in 2019 by Making Their Own Rules,\u201d in <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Billboard<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, December 19, 2019, <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.billboard.com\/articles\/columns\/hip-hop\/8546781\/female-rappers-2019-dominance<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n <\/tbody> <\/table> <\/div><\/div><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> function footnote_expand_reference_container_423_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_423_1').show(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_423_1').text('\u2212'); } function footnote_collapse_reference_container_423_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_423_1').hide(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_423_1').text('+'); } function footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_423_1() { if (jQuery('#footnote_references_container_423_1').is(':hidden')) { footnote_expand_reference_container_423_1(); } else { footnote_collapse_reference_container_423_1(); } } function footnote_moveToReference_423_1(p_str_TargetID) { footnote_expand_reference_container_423_1(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery('#' + p_str_TargetID); if (l_obj_Target.length) { jQuery( 'html, body' ).delay( 0 ); jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight * 0.2 }, 380); } } function footnote_moveToAnchor_423_1(p_str_TargetID) { footnote_expand_reference_container_423_1(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery('#' + p_str_TargetID); if (l_obj_Target.length) { jQuery( 'html, body' ).delay( 0 ); jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight * 0.2 }, 380); } }<\/script>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Throughout the course of the semester, our class has been fortunate to gain insights into the ways in which musicians can depict characteristics such as gender, disability, and sexuality throughout their pieces in musical matters, including tempo, instrumentation, and pitch. &#8230; <a class=\"more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/mus123\/2020\/12\/10\/kanye-wests-genius-in-the-modern-music-industry\/\">Read More &raquo;<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4688,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-423","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/mus123\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/423","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/mus123\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/mus123\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/mus123\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4688"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/mus123\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=423"}],"version-history":[{"count":13,"href":"https:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/mus123\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/423\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":512,"href":"https:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/mus123\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/423\/revisions\/512"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/mus123\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=423"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/mus123\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=423"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/mus123\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=423"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}