{"id":190,"date":"2020-12-10T03:00:06","date_gmt":"2020-12-10T08:00:06","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/mus123\/?p=190"},"modified":"2020-12-10T15:09:12","modified_gmt":"2020-12-10T20:09:12","slug":"tic-tock-tourettes-syndrome-and-music","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/mus123\/2020\/12\/10\/tic-tock-tourettes-syndrome-and-music\/","title":{"rendered":"Tic, Tock: Interactions of Tourette Syndrome Sufferers with Music"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Introduction<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-387 alignright\" src=\"http:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/mus123\/files\/2020\/12\/23disability-videoSixteenByNineJumbo1600-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/mus123\/files\/2020\/12\/23disability-videoSixteenByNineJumbo1600-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/mus123\/files\/2020\/12\/23disability-videoSixteenByNineJumbo1600-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/mus123\/files\/2020\/12\/23disability-videoSixteenByNineJumbo1600-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/mus123\/files\/2020\/12\/23disability-videoSixteenByNineJumbo1600-940x529.jpg 940w, https:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/mus123\/files\/2020\/12\/23disability-videoSixteenByNineJumbo1600.jpg 1600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/>Tourette Syndrome (TS) is an incurable neurological disorder characterized by involuntary vocalizations and\/or motor movements called tics. A survey from 2011-2012 estimated that just 0.19% of school-aged children have TS, meaning the likelihood of the average person encountering someone with the condition are very low.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_190_1('footnote_plugin_reference_190_1_1');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_190_1('footnote_plugin_reference_190_1_1');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_190_1_1\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">1<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_190_1_1\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Bitsko, Rebecca H. PhD*; Holbrook, Joseph R. PhD*; Visser, Susanna N. DrPH*; Mink, Jonathan W. MD, PhD\u2020; Zinner, Samuel H. MD\u2021; Ghandour, Reem M. DrPH\u00a7; Blumberg, Stephen J. PhD\u2016 A National Profile of Tourette Syndrome, 2011\u20132012, Journal of Developmental &amp; Behavioral Pediatrics: June 2014 &#8211; Volume 35 &#8211; Issue 5 &#8211; p 317-322 doi: 10.1097\/DBP.0000000000000065<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_190_1_1').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_190_1_1', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> Even worse, the rare characters with TS portrayed in the media are usually bastardized for comedic effect; their tics are reduced to nothing more than screaming and yelling (often expletives).<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_190_1('footnote_plugin_reference_190_1_2');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_190_1('footnote_plugin_reference_190_1_2');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_190_1_2\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">2<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_190_1_2\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u201cAll The Tropes: Hollywood Tourettes.\u201d n.d. Fandom. <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/allthetropes.fandom.com\/wiki\/Hollywood_Tourettes#.<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_190_1_2').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_190_1_2', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> It\u2019s no wonder, then, that so few people realize the realities of the disease; further fewer know of its fascinating intersections with music.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Music has been used as therapy for a wide variety of disorders since as early as 1789; from anxiety to autism to Alzheimer&#8217;s, music has proven cognitive benefits that can boost mood, improve memory, and reduce pain and suffering in patients.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_190_1('footnote_plugin_reference_190_1_3');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_190_1('footnote_plugin_reference_190_1_3');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_190_1_3\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">3<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_190_1_3\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u201cHistory of Music Therapy.\u201d n.d. American Music Therapy Association. <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.musictherapy.org\/about\/history\/.<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_190_1_3').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_190_1_3', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> Miraculously, this also applies to Tourette Syndrome. One German study on the topic showed that out of &#8220;performance of music, listening to music, and mental imagery of music,&#8221; &#8220;musical performance, where the effect was sustained for 15 minutes after the performance ended&#8221; had the largest affect on participants <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_190_1('footnote_plugin_reference_190_1_4');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_190_1('footnote_plugin_reference_190_1_4');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_190_1_4\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">4<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_190_1_4\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Devlin, K., Alshaikh, J.T. &amp; Pantelyat, A. Music Therapy and Music-Based Interventions for Movement Disorders. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 19, 83 (2019). <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/doi-org.newman.richmond.edu\/10.1007\/s11910-019-1005-0<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_190_1_4').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_190_1_4', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>. While still not a cure, the undeniable benefits were a breakthrough for sufferers.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>Musicians with Tourette&#8217;s Syndrome<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Considering the unique benefits of music to people with TS, it seems like there should be a disproportionate amount of people with Tourette\u2019s that make music their profession. There are, in fact a few famous musicians who have TS, allegedly including people as famous as Kurt Cobain and Mozart according to some scholars.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_190_1('footnote_plugin_reference_190_1_5');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_190_1('footnote_plugin_reference_190_1_5');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_190_1_5\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">5<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_190_1_5\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Carmago, Carlos Henrique F., and Augusto Bronzini. 2015. \u201cTourette&#8217;s syndrome in famous musicians.\u201d Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria 73, no. 12 (October): 1038-1040. <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/0004-282X20150148.<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_190_1_5').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_190_1_5', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>\u00a0<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_190_1('footnote_plugin_reference_190_1_6');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_190_1('footnote_plugin_reference_190_1_6');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_190_1_6\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">6<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_190_1_6\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Bhattacharyya, Kalyan B., and Saurabh Rai. 2015. \u201cFamous people with Tourette&#8217;s syndrome: Dr. Samuel Johnson (yes) &amp; Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (may be): Victims of Tourette&#8217;s syndrome?\u201d Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology 18, no. 2 (April-June): 157-161. doi:10.4103\/0972-2327.145288.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_190_1_6').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_190_1_6', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> But these are people in whom scholars have sought Tourette&#8217;s; in reality, there is actually a very little evidence that these figures actually suffered from Tourette&#8217;s. For Mozart, the driving argument is his scatological humor, actually quite common for the time and not directly tied to Tourette&#8217;s; in fact, citing this is more reminiscent of the way people with the condition are poorly portrayed in film. Other aspects of the argument include restlessness, which is probably more accurately attributed to his much more strongly argued ADHD and OCD. And for Cobain, the narrative gets even hazier. While Nirvana did have a song called &#8220;Tourette&#8217;s,&#8221; and Cobain did exhibit traits like teeth grinding, Cobain&#8217;s drug use and general quirkiness are more logical conclusions than TS. The motives for posthumously, halfheartedly diagnosing celebrated musicians are inscrutable; an honest attempt at academic study? Finding a point of inspiration for other sufferers of Tourette&#8217;s? Or simple fame for the author for what would be a groundbreaking discovery? It&#8217;s hard to say.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The most prominent contemporary and, more importantly,\u00a0<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">confirmed<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> example is definitely Billie Eilish. The 18-year old rose to popularity with the aid of the songwriting talents of her elder brother just three years ago, and she&#8217;s been in the spotlight ever since.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft\" src=\"http:\/\/s3.r29static.com\/bin\/entry\/8d3\/x,80\/2179944\/image.jpg\" width=\"165\" height=\"197\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">In 2018, she was forced to address her condition publicly (see image below) after fans began compiling videos of her ticing. Her tics are subtle enough (mostly eye and facial tics) that people actually thought they were her intentional attempts at humor. Video compilations were uploaded without her consent, nearly all of which come across as wildly invasive, perverse, and disrespectful once their full context is understood. But her admission did little slow people&#8217;s intrigue. &#8220;Billie Eilish Ellen Show Full Interview (HD) billie has tourette!? ?(WTF)&#8221; read one YouTube video title. &#8220;DOES BILLIE EILISH HAVE TOURETTES?&#8221; read another video, which racked up a staggering 326,000 views. Would viewers have tolerated compilations and clickbait titles like this of a celebrity with anxiety being recorded having a panic attack? Certainly not. And the situation is made worse by her age: just 16 at the time. But the combination of her superstar status and the unfamiliarity of her condition led to dozens of these compilations being posted without regard to her feelings or privacy. &#8220;I would love to get this straight so everyone can stop acting goofy,&#8221; Eilish said in a post to her Instagram story. &#8220;I have diagnosed Tourette&#8217;s. I&#8217;ve never mentioned it on the internet before because nobody thinks I&#8217;m [serious].&#8221;<\/span><\/p>\n<figure style=\"width: 600px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/img.buzzfeed.com\/buzzfeed-static\/static\/2019-04\/9\/11\/asset\/buzzfeed-prod-web-04\/sub-buzz-9361-1554823024-1.png?downsize=600:*&amp;output-format=auto&amp;output-quality=auto\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"264\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\"><em>Post to Eilish&#8217;s Instagram story revealing her condition<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Fans backing her into a corner to the point where the only way out was to reveal her condition is unfair. Her tone indicates that she took it lightly despite the gravity of the situation, but not everyone is likely to respond in the same way. This is a reflection of the larger issue of granting celebrities more privacy, but also the lack of understanding around disability and TS in particular.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Music Production<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Author Stephanie Jensen analyzed the intersections of music and disability in the life and scores of &#8216;Blind&#8217; Tom Wiggins, a blind and suspected autistic black pianist and composer exploited by his enslaved family&#8217;s master.\u00a0 Her argument that \u201can understanding of \u2026 disability is \u2026 intimately linked to a deeper analysis of [a musician\u2019s] works\u201d is particularly apt in this instance, as well.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_190_1('footnote_plugin_reference_190_1_7');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_190_1('footnote_plugin_reference_190_1_7');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_190_1_7\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">7<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_190_1_7\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Jensen-Moulton, Stephanie. 2006. \u201cFinding Autism in the Compositions of a 19th-Century Prodigy: Reconsidering \u201cBlind Tom\u201d Wiggins.\u201d In Sounding Off: Theorizing Disability in Music, 201. New York: Routledge. <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/search-ebscohost-com.newman.richmond.edu\/login.aspx?direct=true&amp;db=nlebk&amp;AN=176047&amp;site=ehost-live.<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_190_1_7').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_190_1_7', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> Music aids more than just celebrities, of course, but it takes some mental re-framing to think about the work of musicians with Tourette&#8217;s syndrome in the context of their disability, and it takes some digging to find public displays of people with tics using music. Luckily, artist Jamie Grace uploaded a video of her experience as a music producer with Tourette&#8217;s syndrome to give insight into the way rhythms and sounds are actually harvested from her own motor tics. In the video, Jamie Grace, a singer-songwriter and producer, decides to record herself ticing in order to compose a song reflecting her struggle with the disorder, and takes us through the process of producing the song. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Jamie shows us how she took percussive results of some of her tics and turns them into a beat, and how her vocalizations turn into background vocals. It&#8217;s quite beautiful to see how Jamie harnesses her sometimes-painful disability to produce something beautiful and inspiring. Jamie also says in the video that she relates a lot to Billie Eilish and her work as a musician who also has TS.\u00a0By looking at this literal use of tics in producing music, one can begin to think how Tourette\u2019s might also be reflected more subtly in Billie Eilish\u2019s music.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Turning My Tics Into Music (Tourette Syndrome)\" width=\"600\" height=\"338\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/b0bcAz3o6S8?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Of course, there\u2019s no way to know without asking Billie if it was intentional, but it seems to me that a lot of the tic sounds that Jamie used in her song are mirrored in Billie\u2019s works. In thinking about Billie\u2019s music, and how it could be analyzed in the context of her Tourette\u2019s syndrome the first thing that came to mind was the vocalizations in her songs. Her song Bad Guy, which topped the charts and stayed on the radio for months, features a famous little \u2018duh.\u2019 This seemingly insignificant inclusion is reminiscent of more guttural, throaty vocal tics, and is just one exam<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">ple of including her voice in a medium other than singing. There\u2019s also laughter in \u2018All the Good Girls Go to Hell,\u2019 and a shout in \u2018my boy,\u2019 which aren\u2019t terribly common or conventional inclusions in modern pop music, but are all actually common tics. Eilish also includes lots of repetitive knocking, snapping, and clapping percussive sounds, which, in light of Jamie&#8217;s video, take on a meaning different than for other musicians without Tourette\u2019s syndrome.\u00a0Below is a compilation of clips from some of her songs that contain handmade percussive sounds and\/or vocalizations.<\/span><\/p>\n<!--[if lt IE 9]><script>document.createElement('audio');<\/script><![endif]-->\n<audio class=\"wp-audio-shortcode\" id=\"audio-190-1\" preload=\"none\" style=\"width: 100%;\" controls=\"controls\"><source type=\"audio\/mpeg\" src=\"http:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/mus123\/files\/2020\/10\/Rev.mp3?_=1\" \/><a href=\"http:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/mus123\/files\/2020\/10\/Rev.mp3\">http:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/mus123\/files\/2020\/10\/Rev.mp3<\/a><\/audio>\n<p><strong>Conclusion<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Disability on the whole is a widely misunderstood topic, resulting in a hesitation to reveal diagnoses to the general public. There may be many more people, and many more musicians, with conditions like Tourette&#8217;s Syndrome than we realize. The next time a Billie Eilish song comes on the radio, pause to listen for unusual percussive sounds, for interjections, for elements a bit outside the musical normal. You&#8217;re sure to hear them, and you&#8217;re sure to hear her; despite her age and her condition, she is one of the most popular contemporary pop artists. And w<span style=\"font-weight: 400\">hile it is important to recognize that people with Tourette\u2019s and other disabilities can break through in the music industry, it\u2019s also important to make sure that we don\u2019t make them and their career out to be a trope-y disability narrative, or to mistake their disability for their personality. Billie is a great musician in her own right, and has said in interviews that she doesn\u2019t want to be \u2018Billie Eilish, the Artist With Tourette\u2019s,\u2019 which we must fully respect.<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"speaker-mute footnotes_reference_container\"> <div class=\"footnote_container_prepare\"><p><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_label pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_190_1();\">References<\/span><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button\" style=\"display: none;\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_190_1();\">[<a id=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_190_1\">+<\/a>]<\/span><\/p><\/div> <div id=\"footnote_references_container_190_1\" style=\"\"><table class=\"footnotes_table footnote-reference-container\"><caption class=\"accessibility\">References<\/caption> <tbody> \r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_190_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_190_1_1');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_190_1_1\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>1<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Bitsko, Rebecca H. PhD*; Holbrook, Joseph R. PhD*; Visser, Susanna N. DrPH*; Mink, Jonathan W. MD, PhD\u2020; Zinner, Samuel H. MD\u2021; Ghandour, Reem M. DrPH\u00a7; Blumberg, Stephen J. PhD\u2016 A National Profile of Tourette Syndrome, 2011\u20132012, Journal of Developmental &amp; Behavioral Pediatrics: June 2014 &#8211; Volume 35 &#8211; Issue 5 &#8211; p 317-322 doi: 10.1097\/DBP.0000000000000065<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_190_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_190_1_2');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_190_1_2\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>2<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u201cAll The Tropes: Hollywood Tourettes.\u201d n.d. Fandom. <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/allthetropes.fandom.com\/wiki\/Hollywood_Tourettes#.<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_190_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_190_1_3');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_190_1_3\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>3<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u201cHistory of Music Therapy.\u201d n.d. American Music Therapy Association. <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.musictherapy.org\/about\/history\/.<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_190_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_190_1_4');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_190_1_4\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>4<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Devlin, K., Alshaikh, J.T. &amp; Pantelyat, A. Music Therapy and Music-Based Interventions for Movement Disorders. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 19, 83 (2019). <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/doi-org.newman.richmond.edu\/10.1007\/s11910-019-1005-0<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_190_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_190_1_5');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_190_1_5\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>5<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Carmago, Carlos Henrique F., and Augusto Bronzini. 2015. \u201cTourette&#8217;s syndrome in famous musicians.\u201d Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria 73, no. 12 (October): 1038-1040. <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/0004-282X20150148.<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_190_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_190_1_6');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_190_1_6\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>6<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Bhattacharyya, Kalyan B., and Saurabh Rai. 2015. \u201cFamous people with Tourette&#8217;s syndrome: Dr. Samuel Johnson (yes) &amp; Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (may be): Victims of Tourette&#8217;s syndrome?\u201d Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology 18, no. 2 (April-June): 157-161. doi:10.4103\/0972-2327.145288.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_190_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_190_1_7');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_190_1_7\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>7<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Jensen-Moulton, Stephanie. 2006. \u201cFinding Autism in the Compositions of a 19th-Century Prodigy: Reconsidering \u201cBlind Tom\u201d Wiggins.\u201d In Sounding Off: Theorizing Disability in Music, 201. New York: Routledge. <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/search-ebscohost-com.newman.richmond.edu\/login.aspx?direct=true&amp;db=nlebk&amp;AN=176047&amp;site=ehost-live.<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n <\/tbody> <\/table> <\/div><\/div><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> function footnote_expand_reference_container_190_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_190_1').show(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_190_1').text('\u2212'); } function footnote_collapse_reference_container_190_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_190_1').hide(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_190_1').text('+'); } function footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_190_1() { if (jQuery('#footnote_references_container_190_1').is(':hidden')) { footnote_expand_reference_container_190_1(); } else { footnote_collapse_reference_container_190_1(); } } function footnote_moveToReference_190_1(p_str_TargetID) { footnote_expand_reference_container_190_1(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery('#' + p_str_TargetID); if (l_obj_Target.length) { jQuery( 'html, body' ).delay( 0 ); jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight * 0.2 }, 380); } } function footnote_moveToAnchor_190_1(p_str_TargetID) { footnote_expand_reference_container_190_1(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery('#' + p_str_TargetID); if (l_obj_Target.length) { jQuery( 'html, body' ).delay( 0 ); jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight * 0.2 }, 380); } }<\/script>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Introduction Tourette Syndrome (TS) is an incurable neurological disorder characterized by involuntary vocalizations and\/or motor movements called tics. 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