From "The River in Me"

By Paola Corso

Pittsburgh, 1966

Prologue
When I was little, I saw the very last bubble of air from Rico’s breath ride the Allegheny River. I was too young to realize that empty circle was the last I’d see of my brother. While it floated so light and easy on the water, he and his friend were sinking to the bottom. And the second the bubble popped, my brother was dead to this world.

All I knew was they had disappeared after their boat capsized. The worst of it, though, was when I ran to tell Mama what happened. I knew then and there it would take us both a long time to face the river again. A long time to find Rico.

I spent years searching for him and Stanza, and it seemed as though I couldn’t think of anything else until I knew where they had gone. Once I did, I wanted nothing more than to get my mama to believe me.

Even before Rico drowned, she always said the river was a hell that froze over and melted. She just cursed it all the more after he died. I tried to listen when she said I wasn’t allowed to look in the river’s direction anymore for fear it would tempt me with its coolness and surface so smooth and shiny. This was not easy since we lived on First Avenue in Tarentum, right along the Allegheny.

She made me walk up to the spring every morning because what poured out of the spigot came from the river, and she didn’t want us filling ourselves up with what she called devil’s brew. If not out of respect for our bodies, then for Rico. Now my papa said he lost a son too, but he believed the river wasn’t filthy dirty like she said–it was as clean as we made ourselves to be.

I never understood what the Allegheny ever did to her, although Mama had her reasons for despising the river from the time she was a girl my age. If only I had known this, maybe it would have been easier, and yet, Rico’s drowning was always enough for me to forgive Mama for her hatred and fear, though I carried none of my own. Only hers until I found what I was looking for there.

Although I’m standing with Mama on a boat along the Allegheny, not once did I think I’d see this day since he drowned. As I gaze into its inkwell blue
waters, now I know that his bubble floating on the river will never really disappear. Not until another one rises to the surface to take its place.

Tarentum, 1965

Chapter 1
Mama is making me wear my First Holy Communion dress to Easter Mass. It zips in the back so I can’t take it off by myself. I swear this is no accident. She tugs so hard when the metal teeth catch a thread that my knees are ready to buckle.

“Nobody’s going to notice it’s halfway up with my coat on.”

Mama doesn’t answer. It’s one of those times when she can’t yell and yank at the same time.

“I’ll keep it on even if I get hot,” I promise, thinking what difference did being overheated in church make when my straw hat pinches my ears. Lace anklets scratch my toes. Starched gloves stiffen my fingers. Patent leather shoes grow me blisters. At least if I keep my coat on, the ribbon dangling from my bonnet won’t tickle my neck and make me squirm more than I already will in those hard wooden pews.

My sister, Dina, is lucky. She outgrew her First Holy Communion outfit years ago. I keep trying to get Mama to see that I’m too big for mine, too. “I need the next size,” I insist.

“Ooofa,” she says, annoyed. “You complained when I bought it last year and it fit perfect then. The fungo you had on your face.” That’s the Italian way of saying I was pouting so much my face had as many wrinkles as the bottom of a mushroom cap.

“I won’t hear the priest with this hat over my ears. And I’ll have to limp up to the altar to receive Communion if you make me wear these shoes.”

“Eccosi.”

“I can’t turn the thin pages of my missal with these on. And it’s not right to dip dirty gloves into holy water.”

“You are not to take your outfit off until we set foot in this house. Capisci?”

Most of the time, Mama’s heart-shaped face reminds me of a Valentine box of chocolates, but when she’s mad about something, she sticks out her jaw. I’m more afraid of her crooked bottom teeth than anything else about her. Even the pink lipstick she wears doesn’t soften her bite.

While Mama is still zipping me up, Rico struts into the room and hands her a pot of hyacinths with that colored aluminum foil wrapped around so she’ll forget to inspect him. Because Rico’s weight hasn’t caught up with his height, his clothes are so baggy, you’d think there’s nobody inside if it weren’t for his wrists and ankles. He’s getting so tall for his pants that he has to make sure his shoes are polished and his socks match. His ties are always lopsided, but he tucks the long end inside his pants with his shirt so Mama never notices. The part in his wiry hair is straight. He greases it back for church, which makes his deep-set eyes stand out. In fact, Mama always says she can see all the way to Italy in Rico’s eyes when they aren’t under the shadow of curls. And since Rico is about to pass Mama’s height, she gazes into them all the more while she still can.

“What a beautiful flower, Rico. Put it by the Blessed Mother.”

Rico hesitates. With so many statues of the Virgin Mary in our house, he has to ask which one.

Mama signals as she ties a tight bow in the back of my dress. “On my dresser.”

Now that there’s no getting out of my chiffon puff, the only good thing I can say is that the skirt’s so frilly, the crumbs on my lap from snacking without a plate don’t show, which means I can sneak something from the kitchen even though I’m supposed to fast before receiving Communion. I guess the color’s okay, too, because the powdered sugar Mama sprinkles on her bowties doesn’t show either on a white dress. Even so, I still can’t wait to be a size 10. I pray I’ll fill out because I know my mama will make me wear this torture for the rest of my life until I do.

I sneak over to empty out the crumbs in my dress over the wastebasket before I put on my spring coat. Mama and Dina are upstairs. Mama’s probably switching her rosary and holy cards from her regular purse to her Sunday one. If I’m right, I’ll soon hear the sound of snapping fingers the gold clasp makes when she opens and closes it. And Dina’s in her bedroom, slamming drawers to find the hairband she stuffed between her clothes. Serves her right for hiding it from me.

My papa and Rico are waiting for us on the front porch. They’re sitting on the brick wall Mama had Nonno Vernese build a couple of years ago after Dina fell off doing a cartwheel and sprained her ankle. But behind Mama’s back, Dina sits on it and watches her friends outside of Mrs. Adler’s corner store a block away, her legs kicking the bushes. Sometimes, she walks it like a tightrope, and her arms bat the thick green-striped awning above. Mama also doesn’t like Papa and Rico sitting on the brick either. Says it snags their good suits.

Only on special occasions does Papa put on so many clothes. Around the house, he wears a white, V-neck T-shirt, his holy medal Mama gave him somewhere under the bush of chest hair. The crane he operates at work is air-conditioned but even so, the temperature breaks 100 degrees as soon as he hauls his first piece of iron over to the fire. So when Papa comes home from work, he doesn’t want to sweat a drop. Rico and I take turns filling up his pitcher of ice water next to the couch.

Papa stares down at his watch. “Let’s get a move on in there.” Most of the time, his mouth is cracked open as if he were about to say something, but he prefers to speak with his eyes. Everything closes in on them–his lids hang low, his cheekbones push up and the ridge of his nose is wide. I believe the less of Papa’s eyes we see means the more he can see of us.

Rico grabs the broom Mama stores by the doorbell. He jumps onto the Country Belle milk box and pretends to sing into a microphone, hiccuping every syllable: “That’ll be the d-a-a-a-a-a-y that I die.”

Dina parades out onto the porch, rattling her charm bracelet. She turns to Rico, “You sound like you’re gasping for air.” She has brown, shoulder-length hair ironed straight, pale, buttery skin and a look on her face that makes me think she’s going to yawn. I ask if she’s tired and she says, “Mellow yellow.”

As Mama scurries out, Rico is still on the milk box crooning. She grins. “Get down from there, you’re already too tall.” Papa closes the door behind her, and we all start walking along First Avenue toward St. Peter’s Church.

Tarentum is one of those lanky river towns, a mile and a half long and only 10 blocks wide. Bordered by the railroad tracks on one side and the river on the other, it’s filled with two-story brick houses that are identical except for the different colored porch awnings. This is practically the only way families can tell which house is theirs since even most yards have the same green clipped hedges–high enough to keep dogs off the grass but low enough that kids hurdle over.

Tarentum’s a place where you know what’s going to happen before it happens. Like Harry’s Pizza. Every time we order a pepperoni pie, there’ll be exactly two pieces of meat on every slice. At the bank, it never fails that the clerk tucks lollipops in the drive-through envelopes along with the money, and on Saturday mornings at Weisburg’s, there’ll be a line all the way back to the saltine crackers when we go to buy city chickens. Only the railroad tracks and the river are different. You never know what’s coming or when.

As we pass a sign with the town’s name on it, I ask Rico how Tarentum got its name.

“Why are you asking him for?” Dina butts in with her sarcasm. She hates that I look up to my brother even though she’s the oldest.

“Because I want an answer, Dina. Not another question.”

“You think he’s such a know-it-all.”

“It’s named after a city in Italy along the water that was really fertile. Mr. Dudek said the Romans conquered it for its honey and olives. Stanza has a different reason: He’d say, ‘Why did the fisherman bring his boats here? Ta-rent-em.'”

“What a sorry excuse for a joke,” Dina mutters.

“The river’s high today from all the rain. See for yourself, Carlotta,” Papa says, picking me up so I can peek my head over a bush. I like it when I see the world from his height. The sky is pale and the river looks like bare skin, shivering.

The boats tied to the dock bump up against it every time a wave comes in. The motorboats make a heavy knocking sound, the rowboats a soft one. It’s the difference between my father banging with his fists on the bathroom door when he needs to use it and my mother tapping with her fingernails.

The place where people unload their boats into the water on a pulley is quiet. From my window I often hear cinder stones kicking up under car tires, since we live so close by, but everyone in Tarentum is in church now.

Papa points. “It’s high and mighty all right. One of those days when it’s tired of providing all the time. Tired of giving. Every now and then, it gets the urge to take.”

Rico grins. “Na-ah. The bank’s sinking.”

I spot a tree with a droopy branch along the bank and decide if any part is touching water on the way back from church, then Rico must be right. We walk under the Tarentum Bridge. Being under a steel span is like being at the foot of a giant Erector Set.

Mama flattens the wrinkles on my dress as soon as Papa puts me down.

I tug at my brother’s suit coat. “How does land sink?”

Rico pulls at my arm. “It gets dragged under.”

“Basta. That’s enough, Rico,” Mama scolds. “You’re scaring her.”

“There’s nothing to be afraid of. It’ll come back up. They taught us about floods at school. Mr. Gazerick says that’s why all the high schools in our area have pools because we need to learn how to swim and be lifesavers.”

I ask Rico if our house will come back up again.

“Maybe. Maybe not. There’s life down there, too.”

“I said that was enough!” The hat veil covering Mama’s face blows from the wind of her breath.

“That’s what Nonno Vernese told me. He said there’s all kinds of life. If you get to the bottom.”

“Can’t you tell when Grandpap’s pulling your leg, Rico? Wise up,” Dina says, pounding the sidewalk with her first pair of high heels so she can hear each and every step to remind herself Mama actually let her have them.

Papa adjusts the knot in his tie. “Did you know your grandfather was one of the best storytellers in all of Sicily? People came from all over to hear him.”

“How far’s the bottom, Rico?”

“Further than you could ever imagine, Carlotta. Nonno said–and these are his exact words mind you since I memorized them–that he made himself a special fishing rod with a line that was miles long. And one day, he decided to find out just how deep the river was. He tied the thickest slab of shale he could find onto the line and rolled it into the water, working up a sweat as if he were pushing a dead car off the road. That hunk of stone made such a splash that Nonno had to take off his shirt and wring out a bucket of water before hanging it on a willow tree to dry.”

“How do you know, Rico? You weren’t there,” Dina sneers.

“I’m just telling you the way he told me.”

“So you could make an English paper out of it.”

“Your brother is going to college, Dina,” Mama said. “You think he’s going to work in a mill like your father?”

“He’s in sixth grade, Mom. How do you know what he’s going to do?”

“He’s not like you. He works hard in school.”

Dina pushes her bonnet away from her face as far back as she can without it falling off. “I don’t care if he wants to go to college. Then you can quit nagging me. I plan to find a job in London.”

The Beatles don’t know it yet, but Dina’s going to work for them as soon as she finishes high school.

“Remember what President Kennedy said when he was alive: Ask not what your country can do for you, but what you can do for your country,” Mama recites.

“Yeah, and look what happened to him.”

“He was a good man. Bless his soul.”

“You just say that because he was Catholic. Plus you’re superstitious.” Dina lags behind to peek in the store windows on Fourth Avenue. She puts her face up against the glass of Cogley’s Jewelers and mumbles to herself, “Those are the earrings I want,” then yells to me, “Carlotta, I see the Timex watch Uncle Coco got you for your First Holy Communion last year.”

I kick an acorn stuck in a crack between the slate sidewalk. I wait for it to roll uphill where the roots of the oak trees are so overgrown that they’ve raised the thick gray slabs.

“Stop that, Carlotta. You’re going to scuff your good shoes,” Mama scolds. I hide the hand she slaps in Rico’s pocket until he continues Nonno’s story.

“It was dawn. The birds burst into the sky like fireworks. The fishing line began to unwind itself. It started out as slow as a bedroom slipper in the morning so Nonno plopped himself down along the bank and waited.”

“Listen to him!” Dina leads the way across the railroad tracks, past the boarded up train station.

“Come on, Dina. So by mid-morning, the sun was a hot coal on his back. He kept his eye on the reel going round and round, tracing one circle after the other. He got so hypnotized by the motion, it put him to sleep. He didn’t wake up until the sun darted down on his head so straight, the feather in the center of his green felt hat was its bull’s eye.”

“That hat again,” Mama grumbles.

“When Nonno found the same amount of line left as when he last looked hours ago, he figured it was caught on something, but it was still moving.”

Mama nudges Papa as we wait to cross the street. “Where did your father get this story? From his come si chiama?” She always says “what do you call it” in Italian when she’s thinking of a word she’d rather not say.

“What’s wrong with his story, Nica?”

Mama tugs at her dress so half her leg is showing, or as Mama probably thinks, half her leg is hiding. When she finishes, she brushes the shoulder of Papa’s suit coat. “Your father sure likes to hear himself talk.”

We wait for the traffic light to change. It’s a long one since we’re at a big intersection–the YMCA and Tarentum High School where Mama went to school after she came over from Italy.

“I’m not finished.” Rico leaps up on a bench, pulling out a piece of folded paper. “I wish I were wearing Nonno’s green felt hat. Then you’d listen.”

“Want to make a bet? That hat is so sorry.”

“Nobody asked you, Dina. Listen, okay, Nonno said night began to cover the sky in layers–a cotton sheet, a blanket, a quilt spreading its puffy corners. He decided he wasn’t going to leave no matter how long it took for the line to reach the river’s bottom.

“He sat there until the blackbirds flew to the crack of light opening the lidded sky to morning. And when he was convinced the line wouldn’t stop, even if he could sit there forever, he hurled the fishing rod into the river.”

“So Nonno never got his fishing pole back?”

Dina peers at Rico’s paper. “Mrs. Walters gave you an A+!”

Rico slips it back in his pocket. “I picked this story to write up because I believe it.”

“Papa, was Nonno telling the truth?”

“Of course not,” Mama snaps. “But that doesn’t mean your brother didn’t earn his A. He better not tell his classmates his grade or one of them will give him malocchio, so they will.”

Papa turns to Mama before we climb the hill. “You don’t like my father’s story, but you like our son’s A for writing it down. Same difference.”

“Rico put that fishing story to work. I don’t know why your father wastes his time in that river in the first place, Carlo. For what? It’s filthy.” Mama chokes the handle of her pocketbook. “I keep telling him if he catches anything from there, he’s not going to serve it on no table of mine!”

“Not even on a Friday when we eat fish anyway?” I ask.

“Not on my table!”

The St. Peter’s parking lot is one long breath of spring. People are lined up in their powder blue and pretty peach and honeydew green spring coats, waiting to get in the door. But nobody cares when we stand towards the front. Parishioners are only too happy to let their neighbor step ahead of them. Not like the lines at the A&P.

High, wooden seats box us in. Marble pillars in each corner are guards who stand perfectly still, watching over us. Lights, hanging on long chains from the ceiling, make me worry if I fall asleep, God will drop one on my head to wake me. During Mass, I finally figure out why we have to stand up and sit down and kneel so much and why the altar boy rings those bells all the time. It’s to keep people from taking naps.

We stand for the gospel: “Now on the first day of the week, very early in the morning, they came to the tomb bringing the spices which they had prepared. But they found the stone rolled away from the tomb. Then they went in and did not find the body of the Lord Jesus. And it happened, as they were greatly perplexed about this, that behold, two men stood by them in shining garments. Then, as they were afraid and bowed their faces to the earth, the men said to them, ‘Why do you seek the living among the dead? He is not here, but is risen! Remember how He spoke to you when He was still in Galilee, saying that the Son of Man must be delivered into the hands of sinful men, and be crucified, and the third day rise again.'”
I drop to my seat as soon as Father Feeney says this is the gospel according to Luke. I can tell by the way he’s smiling that this is going to be one long sermon. He’s got more teeth showing than they do on those Pepsodent commercials and cheeks as red as his hair.

“I woke up this morning at 5:30, my usual time, and didn’t stop thinking about what I could possibly say to you after reading Luke’s gospel. I’ve given my share of sermons over the years–many of them right here in this church–but it never fails that every Easter I am so overwhelmed by this glorious, glorious day that I find myself speechless. It’s been a long, hard winter and we can all thank God for the miracle of spring in our midst so if you bear with me, I’m going to tell you about something that happened to me on one of those spring days that re-enchant us with life. On that blessed day, the magnolia petals exposed the wounds of Jesus for us to bear witness. The daffodils splashed front yards with sunshine yellow, the tiny white bells of the lily of the valley were ringing with the sweetest scent and people were smiling again–just to smile. Something told me I had to spend the day outdoors so I arranged to go golfing. Now I’m not much of a golfer, and the divots were so numerous that I must have spent as much time re-landscaping the grass as I did swinging the club. This went on for three or four holes until I started to make real contact with the ball. I began to drive it maybe 100 yards, which was absolutely amazing for me. And I thought to myself, no more getting down on my knees to patch up the earth like some hack. I’m really golfing now. Well, like a hack golfer, I started slicing the ball and by the fifth hole, I was in the woods looking for my Top Flight. On my hands and knees…..”

I listen for the part in his sermon where he’ll talk about the resurrection, but the closest we get is Father looking for a missing golf ball in the woods like an Easter egg hunt. And after all that, he never finds it. I decide that if he can’t even explain a missing golf ball in the brush, then there isn’t a chance he’ll get to Jesus rising from the dead. Besides, I really don’t expect him to tell how it was done. Priests are like magicians. They don’t want to give away secrets. Otherwise, people’ll stop believing in their powers. It just isn’t the same as Nonno’s story about the river bottom. I believe that, but as hard as I try, I can’t picture our priest down on his hands and knees in the dirt looking for a little ball when you know he had a lot more in his bag.

After Father Feeney finishes his sermon, all the grownups reach into their pockets and purses for money to drop in the collection basket. Dina’s staring down at her fingernails so I know she wasn’t listening, and the organ is loud enough that I can’t whisper in Rico’s ear. I think how the Blessed Mother must have felt to find Jesus again after she thought he was gone for good. There’s no way I’d ever compare that to finding a golf ball.

We all march up to the altar to renew our baptismal rights. Father Feeney dips a stem of leaves into a bowl of holy water and splashes us in the face as we pass by. Dina speeds by him, but Mama holds the back of her shoulder until the next splash hits her. After that, she turns around to make sure Rico and I are blessed with the water and doesn’t start back until it drips down our foreheads.

On the way home from church, the branch seems closer to the water so my brother must be right. I wonder if Nonno’s fishing pole is still working its way down to the bottom of the Allegheny River, and if it’ll float back up to the surface once it gets there.

As soon as Papa puts the key in and turns the doorknob, Mama hurries straight to the oven. The door makes that same squeaky sound as our refrigerator, only with a lower pitch. That’s how I can tell what she’s doing in the kitchen without having to be there. She takes out the artichokes and the sweet potatoes and puts them in a cake pan for Rico to carry over to Nonna Nedda’s a few blocks downstreet.

I’m hoping that since I behaved myself in church, Mama will let me take off this outfit. My sister keeps on her dress plus flesh-colored stockings that are held up with a garter belt and girdle. I can’t believe she goes to so much trouble to make her skin look darker when she brags that hers is lighter than mine. She claims the freckles on her arms are proof she’s really from England. It’s because she likes the Beatles so much. Ringo especially since she doesn’t have to fight her girlfriends for him.

It seems to me she actually wants to wear as many uncomfortable things as she can. She even parts her hair down the side with a tight hair band and sharp bobby pins. Dina doesn’t mind covering up her ears because she isn’t allowed to pierce them until she reaches senior high. Just maybe Mama will change her mind then.

Dina grumbles on the way to Nonna’s. “Why can’t I get my ears pierced?”

“When you’re 18.”

“I’ll be able to drive a car before I can get my ears pierced?”

“Says who?”

“It’s legal, Mom.”

“That’s entirely too young. Your father hasn’t even taught me how to drive. Besides, we only have one car and he needs it for work.”

“But Grandma got her ears pierced when she was a baby. So did you. Why do I have to wait so long?”

“That was in Italy. We pierced our ears so it was another place where we could wear a tiny cross or holy medal blessed by the Pope. Not some cheap-looking costume jewelry from the five and dime that makes your ears turn green.”

“I said I’d only wear 14-karat gold, and if you give me the money, I’ll go to Italy and have all my earrings blessed by the Pope.”

“Salsiccia,” is all my mama has to say. What sausage has to do with anything I’ll never know.

Halfway to Nonna’s, Rico starts picking up potatoes in their foil and tossing them in the air. I bet he’s aching to do the same with the stuffed artichokes. It’s just that he knows if Mama’s homemade breadcrumbs drop out, she’ll give him what he calls a knuckle sandwich.

He and Stanza use all kinds of funny sayings. They have this club and only the two of them are members. They brag how nobody else can pass their initiation test, but I believe nobody else wants to put up with their silliness. They send messages to each other in pig Latin so only they can decode them. They plan to build a tree house outside their real house and hang a wire between them with a basket to send messages. When Rico mentioned this to Dina, she said that Stanza needed to fix his house on the ground first or else the government was going to condemn it.

Rico taps Mama on the shoulder. “Are we going to eat when we get there? I’m hungry.”

“You should know by now we eat as soon as everything’s cooked. Not a minute before and not a minute after.”

The kitchen fan vent is popped open and makes a whirring sound as we walk by the side of the house to Nonna’s back entrance. We can smell her stuffed artichokes and see Nonna Nedda through the kitchen window, fishing in a big pot with her wooden spoon for a noodle to test.

“Asta-pay ime-tay.”

“You better not talk that way in school. That’s for dropouts like Stanza.”

“It’s just pig Latin, Mama.”

“I’ll give you Latin. The kind you hear the priest say in Church.”

“I don’t want to learn Latin. I want to learn more Italian.”

“Then start speaking it. Not that dirty language.”

“Not more Italian,” Dina complains. “I already hear too much.”

“No monkeying around,” Nonna says when she greets us at the door.

As soon as Mama slips off her coat, she puts on an apron that matches Nonna’s. When I stand real close so all I can see is the faded yellow print, I can’t tell who’s who until I notice the veins on Nonna’s legs from standing at the fruit store all day. She even eats standing up there because she’s too busy to take a break.

Mama hands me and Dina dishes to set the dining room table. I don’t mind because I play my game of finding old round glass stains through the holes in the lace tablecloth and setting the glass on the exact spot. The circles are from the orzata the grownups drink while playing cards. The glasses of almond drink start out all icy, but by the end of the night, they break out in a sweat and drip on the table. Everyone’s eyes are so busy drilling holes through their cards, nobody bothers to get coasters. Not even Mama. I wish she would play cards more often so she wouldn’t notice all the things I do wrong.

Mama peeks her head through the doorway. “Oggi, Carlotta. Today already.”

“Are you going to play cards after supper?”

Rico chimes in. “Yeah, are you going to play cards?”

There’s something about dealing a deck with her sisters that changes Mama. It’s the perfect time to tell her you spilled sugo all over your dress because you forgot to wear a napkin. She’ll look up from her hand, holding a fan of cards, and say, “I pass.”

I have this feeling she’s not after the money, since she can make more collecting S&H green stamps. She’s just a better player than her twin sisters, so they both wouldn’t mind being her partner even though they still pair up in an instant. Mama gets so annoyed with Nonna when they’re partners. Nonna uses her cards to fan herself, and Aunt Flo and Aunt Rose both sneak looks at her hand when the cards dip their way, although they pretend not to notice. If Mama loses the game, she gets mad at her sisters for cheating. If she wins, she worries her good luck will bring the evil eye. Seems to me she doesn’t like winning or losing.

Uncle Coco arrives, wiping his forehead with a handkerchief. His porous, shiny skin reminds me of a colander. As soon as he stuffs the cloth in his back pocket, he plops in the seat where Nonno Nedda sat before he died. That’s not the only special treatment he gets. He’s allowed to call his sister by her full name, Domenica, when he’s mad at her. Everyone else, including Papa, calls Mama Nica. That’s two more syllables longer he gets to yell at her. Uncle Coco must be hungry. He isn’t even settled in his chair when he mumbles the shortest prayer I ever heard in his low, sandpaper voice. “Bless us, oh Lord. Amen.”

He forgets the part about “and these thy gifts which we are about to receive from thy bounty through Christ, our Lord.” I bet Papa wishes he could get away with this. Mama’s so stunned, she can’t move her lips, and by the time she can, Uncle Coco grabs the gravy dish of sauce and pours half of it on his pasta.

“Pass me the cheese.” His head is down so low, his nose is practically touching a meatball.

“Are you talking to me?” I ask.

“Who do you think I’m talking to? The man on the moon, for Christ’s sake?”

Uncle Coco always shouts as if he were yelling over the noise of canning machinery at the Heinz factory where he works. His voice is so loud, he could speak over a train if he wanted. Being that Nonna Nedda lives right beside the railroad tracks, one zooms by as we finish up our pasta. I swear this is better for ajita than Alka-Seltzer because nobody bothers to argue about anything for a whole five minutes while the train passes, even Uncle Coco. For once, something’s louder than he is.

Rico puts down his fork. “May I be excused?”

“Wipe your muso.” Nonna uses the word for an animal’s face when she speaks to us kids.

“Don’t you want a slice of ham, Rico?”

“I’m full. I can’t help it Nonna’s sugo is so good.”

Rico is the kind of person who knows what to say, when to say it and mean it. Now Dina knows what to say a lot of the time too, since she’s a teenager, but her words are as empty as Rico’s are full. It is true about Nonna’s sugo. We always give some to Nonno Vernese since he doesn’t have a wife to cook for him anymore. And Mama can’t stand the thought of him eating what he catches from the Allegheny River.

Rico starts collecting plates. Nonna runs them through the spigot real quick for our next course. He sets them back on the table so it looks as though we never ate a thing. It could have fooled me if only my stomach weren’t so full.
Then he offers to take a bushel of chestnuts back home that Nonna Nedda brought from her fruit store. I jump up to go with him.

Dina rolls her eyes. “Leave him alone, Carlotta.”

“I’m just going back home. No big shakes,” Rico says to me.

“I’ll pick up all the chestnuts that drop out of the bushel for you and open all the doors.”

He lifts the bushel up just enough to measure its weight.
“I’m taking Carlotta with me,” he announces.

Mama waves the spoon in her hand. “Don’t get that dress dirty. And come right back. It’s going to storm.”

As I pass Dina, she whispers, “Collo,” the word for neck. The only words my sister rattles off in Italian are the ones she’s not allowed to say in English. Mama tells Dina she’s not allowed to call me that, but anytime my picture’s taken at school, it’s Mama who tries to get me to cover it up with a turtleneck. My long neck is the only reason she lets me grow my hair long. Not because I want pigtails.

Rico carries the bushel basket of chestnuts on the bottom just in case it drops out. His chin rests on a mountain of chestnuts the same color as his eyes. I open the door and tell him when there’s a break in the sidewalk so he doesn’t trip and fall.

“Now,” I blurt out as he’s about to set his foot on the crack. I figure he’s as good as blind with his face in that basket.

“You don’t have to tell me when there’s a regular crack. Just something out of the ordinary. Like when I come to a moat or a gangplank. Or a conveyor belt.”

“What’s that?”

“Once you get on, there’s no escaping. You’re like a bottle of milk. It presses on a label and smashes down a cap and seals it so you can’t get out.”

“Sounds like Mama dressing me in my Communion outfit.”
“Wearing a dress isn’t that bad, is it?”

“What does it look like to you?”

He licks his lips. “Like the meringue on top of Nonna’s coconut cream pie.”

“That’s no fair. You like coconut cream pie.”

“Pssst.”

I spot a pair of Band-Aids behind a shrub. It has to be Stanza, since he’s constantly skinning his knees. And I see his bushy eyebrows that Mama’s so afraid of. She thinks he can cast spells with them.

“We see you, Stanza. You can come out,” I yell.

About the count of ten, Stanza, whose cotton ball cheeks are whiter than his yellowing teeth, pops out of one of those perfectly round evergreen bushes you have to trim in the summer with clipping shears. “Let’s go fishin’!”

“I’ve got to take these home.”

“That won’t take no time.” Stanza pokes my brother in the arm with his finger. He stands there with his feet pointing inward, which kids in the neighborhood say is because he’s from Ducktown, the place along the river where all the ducks live.

“Get out of my road. This is heavy.”

Stanza grabs at the metal handle. “You carry half and I’ll carry half.”

As soon as Rico lets go of one side, the basket tips over. Chestnuts spill everywhere. On the sidewalk, in the grass, on the brick road.

“If there’s an even number, it means good luck. If there’s an odd number, we’re in deep trouble,” I say as we stoop to pick them up.

“That don’t make no sense.”

I explain to Stanza that Mama doesn’t like odd numbers. Especially with chestnuts. I’ve seen her at the market. After she scoops in a pound, she counts them. And when there’s an odd number, she adds one more. She says if you have an odd number, you upset the balance and that means trouble.

“We have to find them all!”

“Mama’s superstitious, Carlotta. That’s all.”

I insist we get down on our knees. I see how many I can hold in one hand. I’m pretty sure I can fit a fifth one but that’s an odd number. I sure don’t want to touch bad luck with my bare hands, and if I put my gloves back on, I won’t be able to grip any.

“I count 137. We’ve got to make the number even.” I begin combing the grass with my fingers. Every time I touch a bald spot, I wonder if that’s where a dandelion used to be, and if the person boiled it up for supper like my mama did when she was little. Or if that’s where the even chestnut is now. “Keep looking! We need to find one more!”

“Don’t bother,” Rico yells. When I walk over to them sitting above the sewer, I notice a chestnut down there.

“Lower me so I can reach it.”

“You can’t.”

“Yunz want me to go down ‘ere?”

“You won’t be able to get back up, Stanza. It’s only a chestnut.”

I shake my brother’s arm. “But we can’t keep an odd number. It’s bad luck!”

“Can’t you just give Stanza one to eat?” Rico asks.

“Yeah, I’ll eat it.”

“No. We need to add one.”

I can’t believe after what happened, Rico is going to let Stanza help him carry the bushel the rest of the way home, but my brother has the same patience with me when I act clumsy. What matters is that the even chestnut is down the sewer.

“Wait!” I scream.

“Come on! We need you to open the door,” Rico calls back.

I take one last look at the good luck through the bars and run with my blisters right behind me.

Paola Corso received the 2000 Sherwood Anderson Foundation award at the North Carolina Writers Network annual conference in Raleigh, North Carolina, on November 11. She teaches creative writing at Fordham University and, as her autobiographical sketch in this issue indicates, has published extensively.

Anderson Foundation Awards Corso

Editor’s note: Paola Corso, winner of the Sherwood Anderson Foundation Award for 2000, has given us permission to publish in this issue the first section of her novel manuscript, “The River in Me.” Paola has also provided this account of her life and writing career to date:

Paola Corso was born in an industrial river town outside of Pittsburgh when the steel mill was the region’s primary employer. Her paternal grandfather, a crane operator at the mill, was so determined not to miss his shift when his 1936 Chevy stalled that he got out and walked to work, leaving the car on the railroad tracks. Her maternal grandmother, who worked at the family fruit store, was just as hard a worker. Nonni had her daughter get married on Thanksgiving because a holiday was the only time she would take off from work.

Though Paola was raised in a working class background, she began to write in the fourth grade after her family moved across the river. Since she hadn’t yet made friends, she spent a great deal of time alone in her room scribbling down poems and starting a mystery novel inspired by the Nancy Drew books she had read.

While there was no reason to believe anyone in her family would aspire to make a living as a writer, Paola found herself thinking again about it in college. She worked for the student newspaper at Boston College while pursuing a joint degree in political science and sociology. She also cited the influence of John Mahoney, a professor of English Romantic poetry who heightened her appreciation for literary work.

After graduation, Paola decided to travel, living in Denver where she studied publishing and then spending three months in Europe. Much to everyone’s surprise in Pittsburgh, she moved to San Francisco where she got a degree in community organizing from San Francisco State University. She wrote grant proposals for non-profit organizations and eventually gravitated back to journalism, working as an editor at a weekly paper before freelancing for The San Francisco Examiner.

She pursued her career back to the East Coast, eventually winding up back in Pittsburgh where she became a staff reporter for her hometown newspaper, The Valley News Dispatch. She was able to walk to her Nonni’s at lunchtime. It was then over fried eggplant or ricotta cheese spread on a slice of Italian bread that she got reacquainted with her Italian American upbringing. At the same time, she realized that she had grown tired of the daily grind of reporting city council meetings and began to try her hand at creative writing. Paola explored her Sicilian background and then social issues. With playwright Michael Winks, she co-wrote and produced dramas about homelessness and hunger, which garnered attention from USA Today and support from the Pennsylvania Council on the Arts.

In 1991, Paola moved to New York City and began writing fiction. Her story collection, “Giovanna’s 86 Circles,” which explores how young girls and childless women make magical leaps in order to find alternative ways to give life in a seemingly barren region of the Rust Belt, was nominated for a Pushcart Editors’ Book Award. She was fortunate to be selected as an instructor in the Bronx for the National Endowment for the Arts Writers Corps, a federal program to introduce literary arts to underserved communities.

In 1993, Paola co-founded the National Writers Union Community Writing Project at a women’s shelter where she taught creative writing and literature in small groups to teenage mothers. She co-edited the project literary magazine, See It Through, and co-organized participant readings. As a graduate student in English at The City University of New York, she studied under English Professor Felicia Bonaparte and fiction writing instructor, Linsey Abrams. With their guidance, she completed her novels, “The River in Me” and “San Procopio,” and won three writing awards.

Paola explores her Italian roots, folklore and magical leaps in her writing. “The River in Me” is set in the 1960s along the Allegheny River where the Italian American narrator’s brother drowns in high waters. The novel flashes back to the 1936 flood in Pittsburgh as well as to drought-stricken Southern Italy during the 1920s. “San Procopio” is about a New Yorker who is determined to overcome obstacles which prevent her from burying her mother in a Southern Italian village where she was born. The novel flashes back to the post-World War I peasant struggle for land reform and violence between Socialists and Fascists that killed her grandparents.

Her fiction has appeared in numerous literary magazines and anthologies. She was the winner of Voices in Italian Americana’s Aniello Lauri Award for Creative Writing, the American Italian Historical Association Award for Italian American Studies and recipient of a literature fellowship from the Vogelstein Foundation. Yet the journey to publication of her novels has been arduous. Agents and publishers have uniformly praised her literary work but believe it is a difficult sell in the marketplace. Paola hopes that her winning the Sherwood Anderson Foundation Award will boost further interest in her work.

Will Schuck Launches Anderson Project

Since writing in our last issue about Sherwood Anderson’s home in Elyria, Ohio, Will Schuck has undertaken a project that should be of great interest to Andersonians. Here is the announcement of his plan:

The Anderson Project, a community literacy project to be based in Elyria, Ohio (where Anderson drafted Windy McPherson’s Son and Marching Men), is now forming a steering committee to map its journey from concept to reality. Individuals with a love of reading, writing, literature or local history are invited to join The Anderson Project’s steering committee, not only to memorialize Anderson, but also to help improve the lives of local residents.

The Anderson Project aims to reach students, business people, and the community at large through a variety of activities including:

  • writing workshops and camps
  • book talks
  • tutoring
  • hosting business and civic meetings

These activities will allow people of all backgrounds and affiliations not only to become better readers and writers but also to discover themselves and perhaps others. Sherwood Anderson left behind a local legacy of helping people discover the joys of reading and find success in writing. He and his wife, Cornelia, played host to a literary discussion group in their Elyria home early in the century while he worked as president of Anderson Manufacturing Company, also in Elyria. His participation in the group led him to draft his first two novels while living here.

The Anderson Project’s goal is to open a community-based literacy center in or near Anderson’s historical home close to downtown Elyria. To find out more or to serve on The Anderson Project’s steering committee, please reply by phone or e-mail to Will Schuck, director, phone: (440) 933-0865, e-mail: wschuck67@hotmail.com. If replying by e-mail, describe your interest in the project and anticipated level of involvement.

Sherwood Anderson and William Carlos Williams: Two Versions of the "American Stuff"

By Christopher MacGowan

The lives and writing careers of Sherwood Anderson and William Carlos Williams would seem to suggest a rich source of parallel interests. The two winners of the Dial award (1921 and 1927) both had professional identities outside of their writing, although Anderson gave up his business and advertising duties, while Williams kept his medical practice until age and ill-health forced him into retirement. Both were strong advocates of a “local” rather than an international brand of modernism, and both lived in small towns while making sure to take frequent trips to New York. Both respected, and wrote on, Alfred Stieglitz, Paul Rosenfeld, Ford Madox Ford, and Gertrude Stein. Both were close to the American Caravan editors (Rosenfeld, Alfred Kreymborg and Lewis Mumford) and appeared in its volumes, while Rosenfeld included essays on both writers in his Port of New York (1924). Anderson participated in the 1939 group “Friends of William Carlos Williams,” organized by Ford, and Williams published in Decision when Anderson served on its board of editorial advisors.

Critics and commentators have often paired their names, in passing or in detailed examination, including Yvor Winters, Horace Gregory, Edward Dahlberg, James Schevill, Benjamin Spenser, and Claire Bruyère. In addition to both appearing in the Caravan series, the two published in many of the same journals. And Ezra Pound, thinking in 1920 of the two as writers for the reinvigorated Dial, asked Williams to help “keep up some push of American stuff” for the magazine–“you, Bodenheim, Sandburg, Hecht, Sher. Anderson, etc.” (Letters 159). Almost forty years later another poet close to Williams, Denise Levertov, wrote to him: “Reading a Sherwood Anderson I’d never read before–‘Dark Laughter’–I feel he was very close in some ways to some of your work” (DL/WCW 75). And yet for all this the two writers had little sympathy for each other either as writers or personally. The story of the intersection of these two figures is a series of dismissals, mistakes, might-have-beens, and even personal antipathy. The kind of “American stuff” that each produced finally reflects a fundamentally different sense each writer had of his position as commentator within the America upon which he wrote, and of the present and future possibilities of that America. Dr. Williams, positioning himself as the outside observer, objectively diagnosing and prescribing, is the optimist advocating crucial change; Anderson, on the move, but caught up in the lives of his characters and claiming the privileged view of an insider, seeks to ameliorate–to try to understand, as much as possible, and accept, the inevitabilities of historical change, and to bring together individuals, and groups, to realize their commonalities within what is for him the universal cultural condition of America’s people.

The two articulate broadly similar views of their subjects in writing of Rosenfeld, Stein, Ford and Stieglitz, although in the case of Stieglitz in particular Anderson’s and Williams’ approaches reveal their differences as writers. Regarding Rosenfeld, each admires him as a man and as a critic, praising an integrity that refused to be commercial even at the cost of personal and critical isolation. Rosenfeld himself, in his Port of New York essays on the two writers, saw Anderson and Williams as finally reaching for the same ends, an integration of the individual into a larger community, although going about it in different ways. For Rosenfeld, Williams’ method is to concretely foreground the immediate world of America and its relationship to himself. Anderson, he argues, touches and illuminates the lives of others by fusing his self with his characters in order to bring life to them. In the process, Anderson breaks down personal and social walls through his articulation of the relationship of individual lives to the other lives surrounding them. Because of Anderson’s “stories and novels….the people in the street, the ever strange, the ever remote, the ever unyielding people in the street, they are come a little out of their drab mist, are become a little less repellent, less hostile, less remote” (197).

While Rosenfeld notices an important difference, Yvor Winters, also writing in 1924, conflated the two writers. For Winters, Williams (in his prose Improvisations) and Anderson, along with Carl Sandburg, were all three guilty of assuming that “since America is a large, loose, uncorrelated country, our verse must be large and loose and uncorrelated in order to express that land” (87). But Rosenfeld notices that while both Anderson and Williams were centrally concerned with the condition and possibilities of American culture, for Anderson this came down to the building blocks of individual relationships, relationships articulated through a storyteller who is self-deprecating and approachable. Williams, however, from early to late in his career, served, whether as Dr. Paterson, or as a present or implied ‘I’ in his poems and stories, as a representative but distant and authoritative commentator on a culture that could be changed if only it reevaluated the way that it judged its history and present direction.

As D.H. Lawrence noticed, Anderson’s vision was finally much bleaker, his fictional characters usually more confused, his vision more determininistic. Lawrence characterized Anderson in a review of Edward Dahlberg’s Bottom Dogs as a tragedian, “in love with himself in his defeated role” (Bottom Dogs xv), while in Studies in Classic American Literature Lawrence insists, “And by American I do not mean Sherwood Anderson, who is so Russian” (viii). However, in a 1926 review in The Nation of Williams’ In the American Grain, Lawrence notes that for Williams “the unravished local America still waits vast and virgin as ever, though in process of being murdered,” and that Williams envisions a “new race” with “a future” that stems from a “diamond-like resistance” (Heritage 89-90).

This difference also comes out in the two writers’ treatment of Stieglitz in the 1934 America & Alfred Stieglitz collection, as well as the placement of their essays in the volume. Williams, writing the introductory essay, sets Stieglitz against a hostile cultural environment that the photographer countered by “correct understanding” and a measured use of European examples, thus bringing the previously slighted “immediate and…actual” into American art (32). Like the essay itself, an introduction, Stieglitz’ actions for Williams mark a beginning. However, Anderson, writing the concluding essay, makes a far more limited claim: if only there were more like Stieglitz the city would change. “Take him away, and the city will again change.” And the final sentence of Anderson’s contribution, “City Plowman,” reveals the death of “Uncle Jim” the farmer figure with whom he parallels Stieglitz throughout the essay (308).

Anderson turns up under the title of his most famous book in Williams’ 1923 prose improvisational “novel” The Great American Novel. The reference makes clear that Williams saw his search for the “American stuff” as quite different from that of Anderson. Williams as commentator/narrator rejects a whole series of aesthetic schools, including expressionism, dada, and transcendentalism, as well as the work of the specifically named Joyce, H.G. Wells, Scott Fitzgerald, and Edgar Lee Masters. Anderson makes his appearance alongside Masters when one of the multiple voices of the piece, here a Russian from “the country of your friends” (Williams making and rejecting the same association of Russian and “American” that Lawrence does) and claiming to represent “the continental viewpoint,” tells the author that his attempt to eject all European influence from American writing is doomed to failure, for the American background is Europe. The project is too impractical, the critic argues, “it is painting the wind. . . . Why do you not do as so many of your good writers do? Your Edgar Lee Masters, your Winesburg, Ohio.” In response Williams reasserts the value of his fragmented, improvisatory technique as more accurately representing “the background of American life” (Imaginations 196-97).

Coupling Anderson with Masters is one kind of response to Pound, for Pound had pointedly dismissed Masters when asking Williams to join Anderson and others in providing “American stuff” for The Dial. By referring to Anderson by his book instead of his name, Williams appears to suggest a number of things: that Anderson’s work has a uniformity (as against Williams’ call for constant change) that can be summed up by his best-known book; that the fragmentation in Winesburg, Ohio, like the isolated stories recounted in Spoon River Anthology, are finally a fragmentation too crafted and composed–in the terms of The Great American Novel too “European”; and finally, to echo Rosenfeld’s perception, the personal voice that for Williams is expressive of the local language, and that must stand firm against the cultural and linguistic pressures of what is, again, a European conformity, is for Williams compromised in Anderson’s work because of the conventions that Anderson accepts, with the resulting loss of authority. The suggestion may be an injustice to the complexity with which the first person oral narrator frames and tells the Winesburg tales, or the way that this voice in Winesburg, Ohio, as in The Great American Novel, controls the organic form of the narratives themselves, but in Winesburg that voice IS a good deal more subsumed within the larger narrative arc of the book and its themes than the constantly questioning and provoking narrator of Williams’ text who is always self-consciously breaking out of attempts at formal containment. What is for many one of the triumphs of Winesburg, Ohio is for Williams an example of too great a formal compromise. These formal qualities of the two works themselves reflect the two writers’ positions as insider claiming a privileged position, and one who continually reasserts his status outside of any formal qualities of the work.

Similarly, in a December 15, 1927, journal entry Williams told himself that if he was to write fiction that extended what he had learned from his just published first novel, A Voyage to Pagany, he must reject the plain novel style of Ben Hecht, Maxwell Bodenheim, and Sherwood Anderson (three of the four writers Pound had listed in his 1920 letter about material for The Dial). For Williams, this style was as false as the newspapers, “which lose everything among the news” (Mariani 266), a comment coincidentally written in the year that the author behind the Winesburg Eagle’s roving reporter purchased two weekly newspapers in Marion. Williams’ comment becomes clearer in light of his collage-like use in the book-length poem Paterson (1946-58) of a number of prose newspaper reports within a framework that probes and criticizes what he sees as their evasive language and superficial analysis. He asked his publisher to ensure that the extracts appeared in a newsprint typeface spaced “as the news is spaced in, say, the N. Y. Times (WCW/JL 109).

Williams again thought of Anderson in telling novelist John Herrmann, in an unpublished 25 October 1931 letter asking for contributions to a new journal, that Herrmann’s novel What Happens (1926) was more successful than Anderson’s fiction because, for Williams, Anderson “didn’t actually ‘contact’ with the life he made use of: that at least is the cue to the writing I want. I don’t want just raw stuff or pornographic stuff or stream of consciousness stuff but I do want a contact without literary side” (and see Mariani 320-321). While Rosenfeld saw Anderson’s contact with the individuals around him as a key contribution to overcoming the culture’s isolating pressures, for Williams “contact” was achieved by setting aside–getting outside of–far more of what he saw as the conventional ways of seeing and presenting the American scene. Language, evocative and insistently inadequate for Anderson, had to be concretely tied albeit for the moment to the object world for Williams. And alongside this concreteness, form, particularly for the Williams of the Twenties and Thirties, needed to be radically fluid, at every level, from the sentence to the complete work. Anderson’s experiments in looseness of formal arrangement, or with narratives that fold back upon themselves temporally in unexpected ways, remained too much in thrall to convention for Williams.

When the two writers consider the past, Anderson’s time frame is much more specific, and recent, in its location of the moment of lost American promise, while Williams, as all his writings including his Stieglitz essay reveal, wants to go back to beginnings. And while Anderson sees a tragic loss of human community coming with the inevitable channelling of imagination into industry and machines, Williams sees the characteristics of the industrial age as needing to be incorporated into contemporary literary form as part of literature’s claim to be crucially relevant to the present. For Williams, in short, a full examination of the present American need involved a more radical examination of the past than he saw Anderson undertaking. Appropriately, for this locating of a key moment in the past, where Anderson’s stories often concern the transitions and confusion of adolescence, adolescent figures are rare in Williams’ work, where a poem or story on a young figure is much more likely to focus upon children and childhood.

The mutual acquaintance that Williams and Anderson had with Ford Madox Ford, and Ford’s respect for the judgement of both writers, led him to invite a contribution from both to a small celebratory pamphlet that appeared in 1933, The Cantos of Ezra Pound. But while Williams joined Hemingway, Allen Tate, Joyce, Eliot and others in contributing, Anderson did not. For all of Williams’ serious disagreements with some of Pound’s aesthetic and political assumptions, and despite a stormy personal relationship at times, Williams more than Anderson was ready to embrace within his own brand of literary nativism many of the formal features of the European avant-garde that Pound’s work represented. For Williams, despite his claims in The Great American Novel, “local conditions” included many of the same cultural and historical pressures which produced the formal responses of European experimental writing, while Anderson’s interests clearly remained much more focused, in subject and formal experimentation, upon “American stuff.” Again, the positions reflect the stance of insider and outsider that separate the two writers, Williams finally much more sympathetic to Pound’s view from Europe. (However, Pound, but not Williams, appears in the outline that Anderson prepared for his unfinished Memoirs in 1939 [White xxvi]. Anderson in turn is not one of the many writers mentioned in Williams’ 1951 Autobiography.)

The two instances of what appear on the surface to be Anderson’s greatest enthusiasm for Williams’ work both turn out instead to be further evidence of the distance between the two writers. On January 16, 1932, Anderson wrote to future wife Eleanor of visiting Paul Rosenfeld, and that Rosenfeld “got out a new book of verse by William Carlos (Bill) Williams and read aloud. The book opened with a beautiful poem about the American soil–the virgin soil…ravished by the adventurers from Europe…[and showed] how no real love of the soil of America had ever got into Americans” (39-40). Although this poem is certainly on a central Williams theme, it is not by Williams but by Phelps Putnam, as Ray Lewis White points out in annotating the letter. Putnam’s second book, The Five Seasons (1931), recorded the wanderings in ten poems of a fictitious character he called “Bill Williams,” who had also figured in Putnam’s first book Trinc (1927). The specific poem Anderson praises is “Words of an Old Woman,” almost a generic Williams title (e.g his “To a Poor Old Woman,” and “Last Words of my Grandmother”). As F.O. Matthiessen notes in an essay in Putnam’s Collected Poems, Putnam “conceives of the American continent itself as a woman’s body” (194), and Anderson was perhaps thinking of Williams’ In the American Grain (1925) where the concept is similar, and where he also argues for an America ignoring its own promise and oppressed by its own imported European cultural baggage. But the theme of Putnam’s poem is much closer to, for example, Anderson’s view of Stieglitz in his essay “City Plowman” than to the views of Williams, and Williams was more likely in a poem to focus upon a concrete aspect of a scene, than to evoke, as both Anderson and Putnam do, the more generalized mythical qualities of “soil.” The curious error in authorship of the poems that Anderson heard could not have been Rosenfeld’s, for at least two of the poems had appeared in separate volumes of American Caravan (one of them, American Caravan IV [1931], also carried two poems by Williams himself). And Rosenfeld reviewed Phelps’ “Bill Williams” poems in The New Republic in June 1930, The Five Seasons itself for The Bookman in March 1932, and even conducted an extensive correspondence with Putnam (the letters are at the Beinecke Library, Yale University).

In 1939, in what might appear to be an act of professional and even personal support of Williams, Anderson became a member of “The Friends of William Carlos Williams,” a short-lived group organized by Ford Madox Ford in the last months of his life to publicize what Ford saw as the undue neglect of Williams in particular, and of innovative writing generally. Other members included W. H. Auden, Archibald MacLeish, Marianne Moore, Henry Miller, Pound, Rosenfeld, Stieglitz, and Charles Olson. Anderson attended the May dinner in New York that particularly honored E.E. Cummings, and had an exchange with Williams himself. Williams later confessed that the idea of the group “horribly embarrassed me” (Autobiography 300). But Edward Dahlberg, who claimed to have helped Ford come up with the idea, wrote of the evenings, “I must say a wonderful galaxy of genuine people in the arts attended these affairs” (Epitaphs 269). Ford told Allen Tate in a letter written the day after the Cummings dinner that these were “pleasant and friendly occasions,” that “forty-seven people” had attended, and that Cummings’ poems had been read “brilliantly by Williams himself” (Letters 319).

However, Anderson apparently did not enjoy the evening. In a grumpy entry in his diary for that day Anderson wrote, “Whole idea no good. Cummings sensible enough to stay away” (Diaries 232). In a letter to Cummings the following day Anderson makes clear that he only turned up because he hoped Cummings would be there. “It was a ghastly party really” he told Cummings–“Jesus Christ, we writers are a mess,” and went on to record his conversation with Williams. “Williams said that your driving impulse was economic. I asked him what the hell he meant and he began to try to bite his own nose….The implication seemed to be that you loved beautiful women. ‘What a strange man,’ I thought.” Anderson goes on to speculate that “the idea seemed to be that you only got beautiful women by buying them in the market and that therefore everything was economic. Hell, I hope I got it all wrong. I was annoyed and sore and a little drunk” (Selected Letters 231-32). At the end of the evening Anderson left to try to find Cummings. Again, this is a curious impression of Williams’ view of the poet. Williams was a consistent admirer of Cummings’ work, telling James Laughlin in 1940, for example, that “Pound and Cummings are beyond doubt the two most distinguished American poets of today” (Selected Letters 191), and in reviewing Cummings’ Poems 1923-1954 termed the writer “a major artist” (ARI 234).

Mike Wallace questioned Williams about Cummings’ work in an exchange that Williams inserted into Book V of Paterson (221-22). Anderson almost made an appearance in Book I of the poem through an exchange recorded in an Edward Dahlberg letter to Williams that Williams did include, in part, alongside the poem’s many other letters and prose extracts. In the letter Dahlberg was critical of what he saw as Williams putting “the past into a frozen theorem, separate and apart from the present” and he claimed too that “with you the book is one thing, and the man who wrote it another.” Against such divisions, themselves a major theme of Paterson, Dahlberg cites his own sense of the presentness of past literary figures and historical events, and recounts an exchange with Anderson “walking through one of those blighted and noisesome downtown sections [New York City at Sixth Avenue and Forty-Fourth Street as a later recounting in Alms (18) makes clear], and answering me, as I said to him, ‘Consider with what malice this city must have been conceived.’ ‘Oh, it just happened,’ as of one kind of human continuum.” (Anderson offers the same view in his essay on Stieglitz: “dirty city streets, American streams, dirty farms, dirty towns…It happened. No one is to blame” [304].) For Dahlberg in this letter, and elsewhere, Anderson serves as an example of an artist whose work is not separate from the man himself. And he also sets his sense of the presentness of his now dead friend, the unity of Anderson’s literary and personal concerns, and the continuing closeness of the two writers against what he saw as the isolation of Williams’ vision and its conformity to a “theorem” of the past. Williams retained a later part of Dahlberg’s letter in the published version of the poem, but in 1945 cut the section that includes the exchange with Anderson as part of a number of last minute revisions at the galley stage (Paterson 28, 262-63).

Although Williams includes in the poem a number of critical comments from outside correspondents upon the themes of the poem and upon Williams/Dr. Paterson himself, the poem loses the alternative perspective upon the history of the American city offered by Anderson’s comment when it is cut. For Williams, Paterson’s (representative) condition was the result of planning, scheming, false values, and economic exploitation of land and people going back to Alexander Hamilton and the destruction of the indigenous population. The poem’s argument seeks to expose this history and thus to defuse its determinist power, to seek, again, a new beginning. In Paterson causes are identified, villains named–Alexander Hamilton, the Society of Useful Manufactures, Billy Sunday, the banking system, nineteenth century newspapers, to name a few–and the redemptive possibilities of such naming to transform the historical accretions that have made the city, and America, what it is, are far more than Anderson would have claimed as possible in his particular sense of possible new beginnings. For Williams, a return to first causes can bring about the jettisoning of the false cultural and linguistic crust imposed upon the landscape. But for Anderson new beginnings invariably stem from an important loss, of innocence, or craft skills; with George Willard, for example, of his mother and of any romantic ideals concerning Helen White. New beginnings require for Anderson strict limits upon what is possible, governed by the pre-determined closures of nature and naturalism: the circles and cycles of “The Triumph of the Egg” and “Death in the Woods,” and the unrecoverable changes brought by the sweep of time through individual lives and relationships. What can be minimized to some extent, for Anderson, is allowing the limitations of nature to be compounded by falling prey to the traps of social convention, and it is in this hostility to social convention that Anderson’s vision and that of Williams come closest, with Anderson retaining more of a sense of that convention’s deeply embedded place in individual lives.

Anderson’s claims to be a commentator from inside, and Williams’ strategy of distanced observation, are clearly illustrated in the different versions each writer produced of the story of Italian poet Emanuel Carnevali (1897-1940?). Anderson’s posthumously published story, “Italian Poet in America,” (1941) focuses on Carnevali’s life in Chicago, where he had been taken up by Poetry’s Harriet Monroe. In Anderson’s account, Carnevali often visits his apartment, and the story allows Carnevali himself, speaking to Anderson, to reveal much about his condition–leaving his wife in New York, the venereal disease he had caught from a prostitute, his ideals and frustrations as a poet. These things “he came to try to explain to me,” the story characteristically records (13). These privileged moments come to a climax when the poet runs from Anderson’s apartment: “I heard his footsteps on the stairs and ran to call him back, wanting at least to give him a warm coat to wear but…he had disappeared into the storm….And so he ran from me into the storm… “(14). On that night, in this version, Carnevali loses his mind. “They…took him away. I lost all track of him. What was his final end I never knew” (15). Anderson’s story embraces the limitations of the insider role in exchange for the knowledge that it brings of the crucial, defining actions.

Williams’ account in his Autobiography is more distant, and from this distance he recounts the narrative of Carnevali’s life in New York, Chicago, and upon his return to Italy (a later stage that Anderson’s story claims no knowledge of). Williams also recounts personal meetings with the poet, but they involve others too, the two writers’ wives on one occasion, and a run-in with a policeman on another. Of Carnevali’s fate in Chicago, Williams writes clinically: “I have heard various stories though I never saw a proper report on the subject….to me his affliction seems more as though it had been encephalitis than syphilis, with considerable damage to the brain tissues resulting, always hard to measure.” Williams knows of Carnevali’s later life upon returning to Italy, he reports, having received “several letters from him or from friends close to him over the course of the next few years,” and while Anderson’s account ends with Carnevali’s loss of sanity, Williams’ account, again the more optimistic one, finishes with the legacy of Carnevali’s one book, A Hurried Man, which he had earlier praised for its vitality and achievement (266-269).

A review of Anderson’s Memoirs by Christopher Isherwood in Partisan Review in the year following Anderson’s death brought a postscript to the record of Anderson and Williams’ relationship. Isherwood, recently arrived to U.S. shores, offered a generally sympathetic, although faintly patronizing, notice, confessing “almost complete ignorance of the author’s fiction, poetry and plays.” Isherwood notices that Anderson “took Ohio with him wherever he went–even to Paris,” but claims, as “a limey,” to be able to see through Anderson’s claims to multiple representative roles: “the Typical American Country Boy, the Typical American Business Man, the Typical American Free Artist.” “There speaks,” Isherwood claims, “the unregenerate individualist, delighting in his ability to fill one more part, to get himself accepted as a regular guy” (341-342).

Isherwood’s perception gets to the heart of the insider perspective that separates Anderson’s view of America from that of Williams, but Williams’ comment on the piece in a letter to publisher James Laughlin is not on Anderson’s strategy, but on Isherwood’s ignorance of the integrity of what Anderson was attempting. For Williams, the review was another example of Dwight MacDonald’s mishandling of the journal. His scorn is particularly reserved for Randall Jarrell’s negative piece on New Directions 1941, and he concedes that Auden (on Louise Bogan) “confesses his inadequacy at the finish,” and “Isherwood at least acknowledges that he has not familiarized himself with his subject” (WCW/JL 76). The suggestion, despite all of his differences with Anderson, is that Williams had “familiarized himself,” and that, for Williams, a “limey” is certainly not the person to understand or offer commentary upon particular versions of the “American stuff.”

Endnotes

1. Dahlberg, writing on Anderson in Can These Bones Live and generally more approving of Anderson’s work than of Williams’s, saw Williams’s emphasis in his In the American Grain upon the “gap between touch and thing”–as equally “the fable and portent of Winesburg, Ohio” (84). In his later autobiography, The Confessions of Edward Dahlberg, Dahlberg dismisses all of “the writers of the thirties” as “militant illiterates” exempting only eight in a list that includes both Anderson and Williams (264). James Schevill sees Williams’ short stories as “the true development” of Anderson’s use of the grotesque. The relationship between the work of the two writers for Schevill is “extraordinary” yet “barely noticed” in critical discussion (235). And Benjamin Spencer in his Patterns of Nationality: Twentieth Century Literary Versions of America, setting his chapters on Anderson and Williams alongside each other, argues that Anderson writes, following Emerson, Thoreau, and Whitman and “in anticipation of William Carlos Williams,” in “committing himself to the principle that only the local thing is universal” (129). And see Horace Gregory’s 1956 introduction to Williams’ In the American Grain (xiv); Yvor Winters,”Notes,” in Modern Review (July 1924): 86-88; Claire Bruyère, Sherwood Anderson: L’Impuissance Creatrice, pp. 320-321.

2. In a kind of scholarly mirror to this mistaken support of William Carlos, Paul Mariani in A New World Naked mistakenly includes Sherwood Anderson as one of Williams’ supporters upon the poet’s induction in 1959 into the American Academy of Arts and Letters (845). The supporter was Maxwell Anderson.

Works Cited

Anderson, Sherwood. “Four American Impressions.” New Republic 32 (October 11, 1922): 171- 73; section on Paul Rosenfeld rpt. in Paul Rosenfeld: Voyager in the Arts (1944). Rpt, ed. Jerome Mellquist and Lucie Wiese. New York: Octagon, 1977. 233.
______.”The Work of Gertrude Stein.” Gertrude Stein, Geography and Plays. Boston: Four Seas, 1922.
_______. “Italian Poet in America.” Decision 1 (August 1941): 8-15,
_______. [“Ford Madox Ford”]. New Directions, Number Seven, 1942. Norfolk Ct.: New Directions, 1942.
_______. Sherwood Anderson’s Memoirs: A Critical Edition. Ed. Ray Lewis White. Chapel Hill: Univ. of North Carolina Press, 1969.
_______. Sherwood Anderson: Selected Letters. Ed. Charles E. Modlin. Knoxville: Univ. of Tennessee Press, 1984.
_______. The Sherwood Anderson Diaries. Ed. Hilbert H. Campbell. Athens, GA: Univ. of Georgia Press, 1987.
_______. Sherwood Anderson’s Secret Love Letters. Ed. Ray Lewis White. Baton Rouge: LSU Press, 1991.
Bruyère, Claire. Sherwood Anderson: L’Impuissance Creatrice. Paris: Klincksieck, 1985.
Dahlberg, Edward. Can These Bones Live. Rev. ed. Norfolk Ct.: New Directions, 1960.
______. Alms for Oblivion. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1964.
______. Epitaphs of Our Times: The Letters of Edward Dahlberg. New York: George Braziller, 1967.
______. The Confessions of Edward Dahlberg. New York: Braziller, 1971.
Ford, Ford Madox, et al. The Cantos of Ezra Pound. New York: Farrar & Rinehart, 1933.
_______. Letters of Ford Madox Ford. Ed. Richard M. Ludwig. Princeton: Princeton U.P., 1965.
Frank, Waldo and Lewis Mumford, Dorothy Norman, Paul Rosenfeld, Harold Rugg, eds. America & Alfred Stieglitz: A Collective Portrait. New York: Doubleday, 1934.
Gregory, Horace. Introduction. William Carlos Williams, In the American Grain. New York: New Directions, 1956.
Isherwood, Christopher. “An American Life.” Partisan Review 9 (1942): 341-42.
Lawrence, D.H. Studies in Classic American Literature. New York: Viking, 1964.
_____. “American Heroes” (review of In the American Grain). The Nation, 14 April 1926, rpt. in William Carlos Williams: The Critical Heritage. Ed. Charles Doyle. London and Boston: Routledge, 1980.
_____. Introduction (1929). Edward Dahlberg, Bottom Dogs. San Francisco: City Lights, 1961.
Levertov, Denise, and William Carlos Williams. The Letters of Denise Levertov and William Carlos Williams. Ed. Christopher MacGowan. New York: New Directions, 1998.
Mariani, Paul. William Carlos Williams: A New World Naked. New York: McGraw Hill, 1981.
Pound, Ezra. Selected Letters of Ezra Pound: 1907-1941. Ed. D.D. Paige. New York: New Directions, 1971.
Putnam, H. Phelps. The Collected Poems of H. Phelps Putnam. Ed. Charles R. Walker. New York: Farrar, Straus, 1970.
Rosenfeld, Paul. Port of New York. New York: Harcourt, 1924.
_______. “Portrait of Bill Williams.” The New Republic 63 (25 June 1930): 151-53.
_______. “An Affirmative Romantic: Phelps Putnam.” The Bookman 74 (March 1932): 607-13.
Schevill, James. “Notes on the Grotesque: Anderson, Brecht and Williams,” Twentieth Century Literature 23 (1977): 229-238.
Spencer, Benjamin. Patterns of Nationality: Twentieth Century Literary Versions of America. New York: Franklin, 1981.
Williams, William Carlos. “The Work of Gertrude Stein.” Pagany 1 (Winter 1930): 41-46; rpt. in Imaginations. Ed. Webster Schott. New York: New Directions, 1970. 346-53.
______. Unpublished letter to John Herrmann. October 25, 1931. Harry Ransom Center, University of Texas, Austin. Copyright © 1999 by Paul H. Williams and The Estate of William Eric Williams.
______. [“Ford Madox Ford”]. New Directions, Number Seven, 1942. Norfolk, Ct.: New Directions, 1942. 490-491.
_____. “A Poet Remembers.” Paul Rosenfeld: Voyager in the Arts (1948). Rpt, ed. Jerome Mellquist and Lucie Wiese. New York: Octagon, 1977. 154-57.
_____. The Autobiography of William Carlos Williams. New York: Random House, 1951.
_____. The Selected Letters of William Carlos Williams. Ed. John C. Thirlwall. New York: McDowell, Obolensky, 1957.
_____. Imaginations. Ed. Webster Schott. New York: New Directions, 1970.
_____. A Recognizable Image: William Carlos Williams on Arts and Artists. Ed. Bram Dijkstra. New York: New Directions, 1978.
_____. William Carlos Williams and James Laughlin: Selected Letters. Ed. Hugh Witemeyer. New York: Norton, 1989.
_____. Paterson. Ed. Christopher MacGowan. New York: New Directions, 1992.
Winters, Yvor. “Notes,” Modern Review 2 (July 1924): 86-88.

Anderson Foundation Awards Greenwood

The 1999 winner of the Sherwood Anderson Foundation Award is Tammy Greenwood of San Diego, California, who writes about herself as follows:

I was born in rural Vermont in 1969. We lived in a small town with a country store, a library, and a post office. We didn’t have cable television, and the nearest movie theater was ten miles away. Additionally, I was an only child until I was seven years old when we adopted my sister, Ceilidh.

To entertain myself, particularly in the winters (which are brutal in the Northeast Kingdom), I became a reader. Even in the summertime, my mother and father often had to pull me away from my book and out of my purple bean bag chair in order for me to get some fresh air. I think my desire to write evolved out of my love of books. I distinctly remember thinking, “I could write a book,” and lugging my parents’ enormous electric typewriter out of the closet to the kitchen table. My first “novel” was the result, forty-pages, typed on notebook paper.

My parents always encouraged me to pursue the arts. I danced for ten years and was involved in music and theater. But because there were so many artistic outlets available to me, I didn’t devote a significant amount oftime to writing until I went to college. It was while I was studying at the University of Vermont that I decided that I wanted to make a life out of writing.

After graduating from UVM, I was at a loss about what to do next in terms of becoming a writer. The unfortunate result of my indecision was a year spent working in retail. Eventually, I began applying to graduate schools and finally accepted a teaching assistantship from Northern Arizona University in Flagstaff, Arizona. I had never been there before. I loaded up my truck and drove across country (with the help of my parents and two CB radios to communicate between our vehicles). And I fell in love with Flagstaff. I received my MA in English from NAU in 1994 and was awarded an AWP Intro Journals award for a story called “The Hour of Lead” which was published in Quarterly West. I decided to continue my writing studies, but this meant moving from Flagstaff.

My boyfriend, Patrick (whom I met in Arizona) and I then loaded the truck again and drove to Seattle, where I had been accepted into the University of Washington’s MFA program. While I was at UW, I wrote my first real novel, “Paper Rain,” as my thesis. (The whole rain theme was pretty pervasive while I was in the Northwest.) We decided to return to theSouthwest then, deciding on San Diego one rainy day as we stared at an atlas looking for sun. This time when we moved, it took two trucks and a U-Haul trailer.

In San Diego, for the first time in a long time, I was no longer a student. I had had a lot of jobs already, and this period of my life was no different. I’d worked in a coffee shop, in clothing stores, and at an arts ticket office. I had tried telemarketing, teaching, and even working for UW’s School of Fisheries, organizing archives. In San Diego, I was a temp, and then eventually I got a job working thirty hours a week at a software company. It was perfect. I had plenty of time to write, and I could afford to eat.

After receiving more than a hundred rejections from agents and editors for “Paper Rain,” I finally got an agent who was interested in my work. She took on the book but had no more luck selling it than I had. Frustrated, I decided to start a new project. Over the next eight months I wrote “Breathing Water.” My agent was able to sell this novel within a couple of weeks. That was a year ago. “Breathing Water” was published by St. Martin’s Press in May of this year.

In August, St. Martin’s made an offer for “Nearer than the Sky,” my new novel, and I have accepted the offer. Unfortunately, I’m still driving the same truck.

I am still an avid reader, and the influences on my writing are many. I am indebted to Toni Morrison, Virginia Woolf, and William Faulkner for their narrative geniuses. I aspire to the lyricism of Alice Hoffman, Elizabeth Berg, Anais Nin, and Marguerite Duras. I also admire A.M. Homes, Mary Gaitskill, and Kathryn Harrison. I am in perpetual awe of John Irving for his intricate plots and humor. I look to the poets e.e. cummings, Emily Dickinson, and Robert Hass for rhythm and language. I have also had the good fortune of having Howard Frank Mosher, one of my favorite writers, as
a mentor.

This year “Breathing Water” was published and has received favorable reviews from Publisher’s Weekly, Booklist, The San Diego Union Tribune, and The New York Times Book Review. I turned thirty in June, and Patrick and Iare getting married in early September. [They were in fact married in September.} And now, I have been offered this wonderful gift. It’s been quite a year.

Introduction

For lack of information, even the most complete existing biographical sources on Sherwood Anderson pass directly from an account of his marriage to Cornelia Platt Lane in Toledo, Ohio, on Monday, May 16, 1904, to their setting up housekeeping at 5854 Rosalie Court on the South Side of Chicago some weeks later. Although the Toledo Daily Blade reported on the day of the wedding that “Mr. and Mrs. Anderson will leave this evening for a wedding journey,” no information about the honeymoon period has been known to exist, despite the unusually large amount of documentation of Anderson’s life and career that has been retained or uncovered, much of it preserved in Chicago’s Newberry Library.

Several years ago, however, Mrs. Marion “Mimi” Anderson Spear, daughter of Sherwood and Cornelia, discovered among some papers left by her mother a unique and revealing document: a holograph manuscript that includes, along with several previously unknown early stories and sketches by Anderson, his detailed personal journal of the wedding trip itself, which between May 16 and June 2 took the Andersons by train to Cincinnati; to Oakdale, in southern Morgan County, Tennessee; to Chattanooga; and to Memphis, from which they traveled by steamboat on the Mississippi to St. Louis and the World’s Fair. This document not only fills a previously existing gap in Anderson’s biography but also, in both the journal and non-journal sections, provides early examples of Anderson’s imaginative writing from a period when almost nothing beyond some business-oriented essays in the house organ of his advertising agency has been known to survive.

The Manuscript

Both the journal of the wedding trip and the eight early stories and sketches are written in ink in a tall, narrow notebook (13 cm X 31.5 cm) of 90 lined sheets (180 pp.) originally bound in flexible brown cardboard. Today several of the sheets are loose; most of the cover has been torn away; and some pages at the front and back of the notebook are badly discolored and damaged, with a resulting loss –luckily insubstantial — of some text. Seventeen of the ninety sheets of the original notebook are missing altogether (counting from the front, sheets 12-23, 36, 37, 50, 61-62), but almost certainly these were not pages that Anderson had written anything on.

Anderson actually wrote his May-June 1904 journal entries beginning at the back of the notebook. Having filled up ten pages at the front with five earlier stories, sketches, and impressions of varying lengths, he made his first journal entry on a new first page, with the notebook turned over and upside down. In this position, the diary occupies 24 sheets or pp. [1]-[47]. For three non-journal pieces dealing with the wedding and honeymoon and written almost certainly in Oakdale, Tennessee, after the wedding, Anderson returned the notebook to its normal position and wrote them on pages immediately following the other five non-journal writings. The position of the three pieces written simultaneously with the journal (pp. [11]-[14]), relative to the other group of five pieces (pp. [1]-[10]), indicates a date of composition earlier than mid-May 1904 for the group of five. Only two of the eight pieces included were given titles; thus I have provided descriptive phrases or sentences (within brackets) to distinguish among them:

pp. [1]-[2] [Tramp killed by train found by girl]
pp. [3]-[5] “The Red Haired Woman”
pp. [5]-[8] “The Can Factory”
pp. [8]-[9] [Afternoon on a slow train]
p. [10] [Spring fever]
p. [11] [A Woman is like a river]
p. [12] [The wedding]
pp. [13]-[14] [Poem to the bride].
Cornelia Platt Lane

The essentials of Sherwood Anderson’s life, from his birth into a family of limited means in Camden, Ohio, on September 13, 1876, to his situation in 1904 as an up-and-coming Chicago advertising man of modest social and educational background, have been reasonably well documented and need not be repeated here. Little has been recorded, however, about the quite different background of his bride.

Cornelia Platt Lane was born May 16, 1877, into a well-to-do family of Toledo, Ohio, with ancestral ties to New England. Her first recorded American ancestor, William Lane, had arrived in Boston in 1651. She was the namesake of her paternal grandfather Cornelius B. Lane. Her father was Robert Heber Lane (called Heber), a prosperous Toledo wholesaler in shoes and rubbers; and her mother was Kate Pepple Lane, who had died in 1892 when Cornelia was fifteen. She was the eldest of five children, including Robert McNeill Lane (b. 1884), Margaret Lane (b. 1886), and two others who died in infancy or early childhood. Robert Heber Lane would marry his second wife Georgia (“Georgie”) Lacy in 1901 and father a second, much younger family of four sons.

After graduating from Toledo High School and spending a year at Shepardson College, Cornelia had entered the College for Women of Western Reserve University in Cleveland in 1896, where she received the Ph.B. degree in June 1900. While in college, she showed pronounced literary and historical interests, taking a substantial number of courses in English, history, and Latin, serving as a literary editor of the college annual, joining the Browning club, and writing for the college literary magazine. In June 1901, about a year after her graduation from college, she boarded the Red Star Line’s S. S. Vaderland in New York, bound for Cherbourg and Antwerp. During her eight months of travel and study in Europe, she would add a significant dimension to her acquaintance with the literature, language, and history that she knew previously only from college textbooks.

Landing at Antwerp about July 6, she was in Brussels the next day and reached Paris July 9. After a few days there, she left for Lugano, Switzerland; and by July 20 she was at Como in Northern Italy, with a railway pass that would take her to Milan, Genoa, Pisa, Naples, Rome, Florence, and Venice before she left Italy on August 7. She then passed through Innsbruck, Munich, Nuremberg, Frankfurt, and Cologne, and devoted August 21 through 29 to touring the Netherlands.

After spending the month of September in London, Cornelia was by early October back in Paris, where she lived at 7 Rue D’Assas until mid-February 1902. Judging from the programs and notes retained in a scrapbook, she seems to have attended concerts and theaters regularly and to have led an active social life among a circle of friends and acquaintances. She obtained admittance as a reader at the Bibliotheque Nationale; and it is likely that, beginning in November and December, she attended several classes at the Sorbonne during the winter. In mid-February, 1902, she toured Brittany before sailing from Cherbourg for home on the U.S.M.S. St. Louis.

Back in Toledo, Cornelia resumed living with her family in the Lane home at 2428 Robinwood Avenue, a quiet upper-class street. Her meeting Sherwood Anderson around May 1903, came about through a connection with Clyde, Ohio, where Anderson had grown up. A friend of Anderson’s from Clyde named Jane “Jennie” Bemis had married a man from Chicago named Charles Weeks; and the couple had settled in Toledo next door to the Lane home. Jennie Bemis Weeks and Cornelia became good friends; and when Sherwood, on one of his advertising trips, stopped off in Toledo to see Jennie, she introduced him to her friend Cornelia Lane. She and Sherwood corresponded after his return to Chicago, and presumably he made other visits over the following months. By early 1904 they were engaged to be married. On Saturday, May 7, the couple were honored at an “informal evening” given by Cornelia’s friend Eunice Alexander and attended by fifteen other couples.

Although Anderson’s social and educational attainments were at the time inferior to those of his intended bride, not only did his prospects in the world of advertising and business seem rosy; but he by this time had literary ambitions himself, and he and Cornelia shared strong interests in such authors as Stevenson, Carlyle, Browning, and Borrow. They were both attractive young adults in the bloom of early maturity. And as some of Anderson’s early writings printed here for the first time will show, his love and respect for Cornelia at the time were even more intensified by his idealized and romanticized idea of “woman” as something more unfathomable, “greater,” and more “earnest” than man.

Sadly, within a few years the great expectations of the spring of 1904 would fade for both, as her instincts for insuring a secure and respectable future for their three children came more and more into conflict with his equally strong urge to become an artist. Separation in 1914 would be followed by divorce in 1916. Although not part of the present story, it is worth remarking that Cornelia, who never remarried, went on through life with dignity, grace, and determination. She supported her children by teaching school, graciously encouraging them to respect and honor their father. She spent her last years living quietly near her daughter Marion Spear in Madison, North Carolina, where she died near the end of her ninetieth year in the spring of 1967 and where she is buried on a pleasant hilltop.

But all this was in the future when the young couple were married on May 16, 1904, (Cornelia’s twenty-seventh birthday) in her father’s house in Toledo. Featured prominently as the lead item in the “Social” column of that day’s Toledo Daily Blade, the wedding was small but traditional. The pastor of the First Baptist Church performed the ceremony, and Eunice Alexander at the piano played “the Lohengrin and Mendelssohn wedding music.” Margaret Lane, Cornelia’s sister, “attired in white,” was the bridesmaid; and Marco Morrow, Sherwood’s close friend and Chicago advertising agency associate, was best man. Anderson’s artist brother Karl came from New York and his sister Stella from Chicago to represent the Anderson family. Among the few other guests was Jennie Weeks, who had introduced the couple a year earlier. Cornelia’s gown was “a handsome creation of white chiffon,” and after the wedding supper, which followed the ceremony, she changed to “a dark blue tailored costume” for the wedding journey.

The Wedding Journey

The newlyweds boarded a late evening train for Cincinnati, where they stayed at the St. Nicholas Hotel and were “out about the city” on Tuesday, May 17. On Wednesday the 18th they traveled by the Cincinnati Southern Railway — the busy main line between Cincinnati and Chattanooga — to Oakdale, Tennessee, where they spent a full week of their honeymoon. Oakdale was in 1904 the site of the Cincinnati Southern’s main switching yards, on the east bank of the Emory River (earlier name “Babahatchie”) at the foot of Walden’s Ridge, one of the towering peaks of the Cumberland Mountains in rural Morgan County west of Knoxville.

Oakdale owed its prominence on the line to the fact that, in the days of steam engines, long trains going north from Chattanooga had to be broken up at Oakdale before attempting the steep grades north between Oakdale and Somerset, Kentucky. Since at the time as many as twenty trains an hour passed through Oakdale, it was the scene of much activity. Workers’ small frame homes and boardinghouses nestled thickly on the hillsides above the river and the tracks.

The Andersons stayed at the Babahatchie Inn, Oakdale’s most prominent hostelry and landmark. Situated facing the railroad tracks with a bend in the river at its back, this rambling, three-story Victorian structure with its distinctive square steeple mainly existed to house and feed the many trainsmen in Oakdale. Although the Babahatchie Inn became after 1906 for many years one of the most famous, largest, and best-kept of the Railroad YMCA’s, before that it was apparently an unkempt and unruly place. Before its cleaning and renovation under YMCA operation beginning in 1906, the Babahatchie is reported to have been the scene of drunken brawls, gamblings, and shootings; a place where the sheets might or might not be changed every thirty days; an inn where “Practically the only women who dared to enter … were those picked up by men along the road.”

It seems surprising that Anderson would have taken his cultured young bride to such a place. Although he reports in the journal that Cornelia did complain mildly about the place being “southern,” Anderson does not dwell on any negative aspects of their stay. Either the prevailing accounts of lawlessness and lack of respectability are exaggerated or the Andersons were not aware of all that went on. One reason for stopping may have been Anderson’s previous acquaintance with Oakdale. He would have passed through this hamlet more than once during his army service a few years previous, in 1898, as his unit was shuttled by train among encampments in the vicinity of Chattanooga and Knoxville. And he may have passed through Oakdale even more recently in his travels by rail as an advertising solicitor. Perhaps his earlier observations of the great natural beauty in this environment outweighed the consideration of less-than-ideal lodging accommodations.

Foreword

As a rule a writer’s juvenilia have three characteristics: they are almost by definition of lesser quality than the later work; but they give indications of the excellence that later work would have; and they suggest some of the preoccupations of the mature writer and writing. Sherwood Anderson’s “Honeymoon Journal and Other Early Writings, 1904,” the newly available “juvenilia” of a twenty-seven-year-old advertising man and would-be artist, follow the rule closely. In his Introduction, Hilbert Campbell has ably discussed such matters as they apply to all these early writings. I add further comment on the major piece, the “Honeymoon Journal.”
It is clear that Anderson was not only intending a record of daily events and his thoughts about them but was trying to write his record well. The modern reader may be somewhat amused or put off, or even charmed, by the recurrent sentimentalism of attitude and style in the early sections, may find them too self-consciously “literary”; but one must accept that at this early stage in his development as a writer Anderson, an imitator like most beginners, seems to have drawn on the then current vogue of the sentimental personal essay. (Read as little as you can stand of the essays by Henry Van Dyke, Presbyterian clergyman and professor of English at Princeton, if you want the full flavor of this genre from one of its most popular practitioners.) The diction of the early sections is often too “elevated,” too formal for the more colloquial modern taste, that taste which the author of such books as Winesburg, Ohio and Horses and Men was to do much to form. The frequent personifications of nature are particularly noticeable.

In the distance a little water fall murmured
among the trees. The river continued its story.
Ah little river, you are the magic for all the
wonder of the hills. The moonlight sits grand
and gloomy on the mountain tops, but it casts its
golden heart into your little bosom at the last.
See there it lies the heart of the moon in the
bosom of the waters.

Actually as personifications of nature go this is done rather skillfully; and however dated this and other stylistic “ornaments” may seem, Anderson was already searching, if here among shopworn materials, for a language through which to express accurately inward states of feeling, a search which in more successful ways would strikingly characterize his whole literary career. Besides, he knew he was being sentimental and with justifiable reason: “It [is] right you know to be sentimental when you are young and on your wedding trip.” “Trip,” one notes, not the more formal “journey.”

Significantly, in the midst of this idyll of early married love by the river among the mountains — an idyll despite the un-idyllic heat and the “southernness” of the Babahatchie Inn — the newlyweds twice read Browning together, once specifically the dramatic monologue “Fra Lippo Lippi.” This self-revelation by the roistering Fra Lippo of course tells of a streetwise 15th-century boy become monk, artist, and lover of women who out of sheer delight in things of this world paints human bodies as they hideously or lusciously are, not as mere symbolic embodiments of the soul, whatever that is. Although Cornelia, who believed in and practiced absolute honesty, would be right in assigning “great common sense” to herself and “the fanciful and the unreal” to her husband, Anderson, who liked such raffish people as Browning’s Fra Lippo and excelled in the oral tale, would in his mature work use his “fancy,” his imagination, to create a poetic form of realism by which he revealed his human characters as they inwardly really were.

As though to illustrate what he could already do when released from the limitations of a borrowed form, Anderson’s outlook and language in the later sections of the “Honeymoon Journal” are quite different from the earlier, much less sentimental, much more direct. Sherwood and Cornelia have, as it were, ceased being groom and bride and become husband and wife, happily joined but not so much looking at each other in their own little universe as inspecting, still through his eyes of course, things which travelers through the upper South in 1904 might see. Incidents or scenes observed on the train to Memphis, on the harbor cruise, on the Ferd Herold pushing up river to St. Louis are not presented as picturesque or quaint as during the stay in Oakdale but as things to be reported exactly; indeed the final entry in the journal is hardly more than a catalogue of exhibits at the great St. Louis fair. The prose changes decisively; the personifications and the other stylistic ornaments largely disappear. In Memphis, for example, Anderson writes plainly and effectively about another river at night when he comments that their room at the Gayoso Hotel “looked out upon a little roof garden with a fountain in the middle and over beyond that lay the big moving river, very silvery and quiet in the moonlight,” a description of the Mississippi which Mark Twain, Huck Finn, and the mature Anderson himself would have approved of. Again, one evening in Memphis husband and wife talk in a little park about “a man and woman’s right attitude toward certain great problems of life,” and then Anderson writes with admirable simplicity and concreteness:

When we had dined on flannel cakes and
strawberries we walked home in the first
spatter of the coming rain. In the room
we sat on the edge of the bed in the dark
and continued our talk.

He had a long way yet to go, but as this second half of the “Honeymoon Journal” shows, Anderson had at least set foot on the road to Winesburg and beyond.

Walter B. Rideout
Harry Hayden Clark Emeritus Professor of English
The University of Wisconsin-Madison

Anderson's Journal

Journal May 16 – June 2, 1904

May 16 [Monday]

Cincinnati

I think it best that I begin there. That was really the beginning of everything and in truth I knew but little of it and of what was going on about me until her hand dropped into mine and the minister pronounced us man and wife. Of course there were beautiful women there and some very good and gallant men but what of them. They were to go on the morrow about their business. [Some to] the making of pictures [or at] least to the writ[ing of] songs and others to the buying and selling and the wrangling of law cases in stuffy courtrooms. We, the woman and I, were to go on quite a different mission. To live a life together and to be brave and tender and kind. I dare say if ever our son reads this little story of our journey he will know in his heart [how] well we have done. … Let us hope [that he] will at least [think of us] with a great store [of affection].
I guess I should write of that night [on the train] as man and wife [when we were] all alone … in the darkness [and] silence. And it [was peaceful] for all the rattling [of the] train. We … ate sandwiches. A few stars came into the sky and looked at us and we did a deal of looking into each other’s eyes. There was a cynical fellow once who said it wasn’t good to get a sight of a naked human soul. Well I saw such a thing that night and it only made me the readier to believe in all humanity.

May 17 [Tuesday]

Cincinnati

Tonight we’ve been sitting in a big chair by the window. We’ve been out about the city during the day and I guess we’re both a bit tired. I don’t think we’ve really had a good talk since we’ve been married and when we try to talk we both sit[,] each looking into the other’s eyes and are silent.
Tonight there are street cars going up and down same as always and laden wagons rumble over the cobble stones. [It’s] a fairy land though. A [land] maybe we used to [live] in [,] she and I [,] but for all [that] a fairy land. I [rem]ember that when I was [a lit]tle boy and my mother [died] and I was tired from [sil]ent grief I went to [the] window at night and [felt] this same apartness [from] the rest of the living, [breath]ing world. Cornelia … had a new fine[ness envied by] shop girls and even [by] gaudy women with yellow hair when today we passed them on the street, and I know that some great womanly longing must have sprung into their hearts from the way their eyes followed her as we went along. It is very strange that both [of] us but realize our marriage in a dim half wondering sort of way and full a dozen times she has stopped on the street to say with a wonderful wonder in her voice, “Why Sherwood I’m your wife. I’m Mrs. Sherwood Anderson.”

We’re very spud, stopping at the St. Nicholas and paying 4 dollars a day for our room and tomorrow we’re going on. I wonder if we are hardened wretches or just very very wise. We haven’t been in the least embarrassed in each other’s presence. It quite takes my breath to think we’re not.

May 18 [Wednesday]

Oakdale, Tenn.

It’s good to get here among the hills and the evening is irresistible. Great Mountains see the glories of the skies and earth lifts up to look into the faces of the stars. It is night now and the hills are but dimly outlined against the sky. We went for a walk at evening and gathered blossoms from blackberry bushes. I dare say there will be less blackberries but at least we shall have a touch of color in our room.
The Inn here is a great barren breezy place that looks as though it had at one time aspired to be a fashionable hotel but growing discouraged gave itself over to the feeding and housing of trainsmen. A healthy good faced landlady, a mild gentlemanly host, a clerk who lingers half regretfully through the day and a host of Negroes, daughters cursing crippled trainsmen and dusty faced workmen make up the roster of the place. Linen, dining room and landlady are undeniably clean [but] the rest of the place is southern. We’ve an idea that if we stay we’ll clean and dust the room and we’ll probably stay. I seem to see it in the hills looking in at the windows and in her eyes and down below a little river has started a wonderful little story that I think we’ll want to hear more of. Cornelia is a bit out of patience at the natives because they have insisted on spoiling several beautiful pictures by stacking up tin cans but for all that she looks happy. We’ve both decided that we’re already far ahead on this marriage for if all the rest of our lives should be cast in bleak places we would still have this afternoon on the train left as food for happiness.

I’ve seen brides and grooms. They usually look hot, uncomfortable and ill at ease. They’re not. They’re just living in a world you know nothing of. The flying landscape, the good brown earth, the faces of people grave and gay are full of meaning to brides and grooms. You know Satan took Christ up into a high mountain and showed him the earth and the treasures thereof and was very properly rebuked. Christ owned all that and knew it and so also does the groom know it when he sits upon a railroad train going journeying with his bride. I wouldn’t be afraid to try that up into a high mountain business. No man would that had a bride.

May 19 [Thursday]

Oakdale

Of course we’ll never see this place. It is so made that one might spend a life time upon one of its hills looking at the play of lights on all the grandeur laid out before. This morning we reconnoitered. We went along a little path down past a sawmill and a dilapidated church. The sawmill was busy eating away at its logs but the church looked out of sorts and discouraged. I don’t blame the church. I would hate to try to be a church and preach sermons to men who live in sight of these hills. A razorback hog wallowed in the mire of an empty creek. It was very hot and very still. At long intervals a nice wind came down from the hills and tossed her hair about her face. She was very beautiful. In the evening we went to the store for stamps and fishing tackle. Long legged natives drawled under the light of the store’s lamps. We are finding the people very good here. Last night an old man, evidently a dependent of the landlord, brought warm water to our room and when I offered him a piece of money he refused it with great dignity.
I am charmed at the respect shown to Cornelia. She is the very Queen of the place and in her pretty gowns stirs the community of a graciousness that is too chivalrous to be so common a thing as curiosity. Tomorrow is to be our river day. The moon came out as we walked down the hill to the hotel. In the distance a little water fall murmured among the trees. The river continued its story. Ah little river, you are the magic for all the wonder of the hills. The moonlight sits grand and gloomy on the mountain tops, but it casts its golden heart into your little bosom at the last. See there it lies the heart of the moon in the bosom of the waters.

May 20 [Friday]

Oakdale

Little river Babahatchie, they have named you Emory but to us two you are still little Babahatchie (bubbling water). How gallantly the red boat sits upon your dancing body. The hills they are for truth but you little river you are for sentiment. “And the hills for all their grandeur must come down to the river to drink[,]” says the bride. It [is] right you know to be sentimental when you are young and on your wedding trip. We did not catch fish. We only sat under the bank at the foot of the mountain and dangled our lines in the water and looked at the running[,] laughing water. We had a little adventure too in trying to run a stretch of rapids and for just a moment Babahatchie showed her white teeth. She didn’t mean anything though. It was just a playful little toss of the head and a pretense of throwing the groom overboard to remind us that the sun doesn’t always shine even on the Babahatchie. Well, we’ve seen the sun and the water and the trees for another long day, we have idled in the shade and lay on our backs in the sand looking at the sky and listening to the wood sounds. It has been a good day, a bride and groom day, a day to begin a life on with courage and fortitude.
May 21 [Saturday]

Oakdale

I climbed one of the highest of the hills today. I suppose it lies a thousand feet above the level of the sea. A long journey for little Babahatchie. It was very fine up there on the hill lying on my back and watching the clouds in the sky. A bumblebee gowned in a wonderful yellow coat flew near me and stood on a flower close at hand. A gaudy butterfly called to pay his respects and in the dead leaves by my side a cricket sound of home and winter firesides. It was the first time I had been away from her since the wedding and I had time for a little review of myself. The hills stretched themselves in the afternoon sun and called to me to be sensible and leave introspection to eager eyed men down in the cities by the sea so I wrote a little note to her back at the hotel and had the rare enjoyment of roundly believing in myself for the next hour. Upon the side of the hill there were houses set in unexpected places and back of one of these and on a little level break in the climb a little fenced garden sat among the trees.
Last night we sat out in the moonlight and watched three geese go in single file and with great dignity down the road homeward bound. They were very majestic and very absurd. Tonight I had my first plunge into the waters of Babahatchie. I shan’t forget this little river. It was very cool and grateful to my hot body. Cornelia cheered me from the window, the people on a passing train leaned out and waved hands. Cornelia has decided that she is a woman of great common sense while I have put in my word for the fanciful and the unreal. I dare say that will make a great combination.

At evening we walked down over a little wooden bridge and along a half dry creek bed that finally merged into a street. It was a queer little uncertain hill climbing street that seemed half undecided where to stop. It surprised and pleased you that little street did, it was so toy like and half jesting in its purpose. To one used to walking in streets that stand up earnestly and make a great show of respectability this wee town’s end was wonderfully charming. You felt like stealing it and carrying it away in your pocket. We were in search of the doctor and found he had gone to tend an injured man[,] so after a few minutes[‘] talk with his rather uninteresting wife we went back down the toy street to wait for him in the moonlight by the wooden bridge. Tonight we had a very serious talk with the landlady. We have been a bit worried for fear no one about the Inn knew we were a bride and groom. We need not have worried. They had spotted us alighting from the train.

May 22 [Sunday]

Oakdale

Before breakfast this morning we had a very spirited discussion as to where grooming stopped and husbanding began. We decided to keep on at the grooming. Cornelia had a bad half hour about the house and the halls. It’s southern and it hurts her housewifely impulses. Down the track there is the ruins of a former hotel that once in yellow glory proclaimed itself the “German House.” Long since fallen from its Innly glories it is now occupied by a typical Tennessee family who have been so industrious in collecting dirt and children that some alterations in the house itself probably became necessary so a doorway was cut through the side of the house and the once famed “German House” that sat upon a hill became “The Germ House.” You can’t imagine how deliciously pat the name. It quite bowls you over. It put us in a laughing humor for an hour.
Up the track perhaps a mile and a half from the Inn[,] there sits a rock between the railroad track and the river that has got itself locally famous for its resemblance to the Sphinx. I suppose it is very like it. At any rate it is a very noble fellow. We came to take the old chap’s picture and we got two views of him. Then we went and sat under his mighty chin where the water swirls cool and sweet about his big neck. It was the most enchanted of spots. Across the river the hill arose a bank of green, at our feet were the whirling waters that told again the love story of the Babahatchie. Probably we were silly. At all odds we were deliriously happy. Trains went whirl[ing] past above our heads and up the stream there was a long hill half cultivated but we sat and talked of river Gods and Pan piping in the bushes. We threw stones in the water. We were a boy and a girl. We fancied a place where the water nymphs might come to bathe. I made a cup of my hand and gave her to drink and then we lay with our backs on the cool stones and made such nonsense rhymes as this:

“It was a lovely morn in May.
They by the river sat.
Her head upon his shoulder lay
Upon his head a hat.”

It was a terrific hot walk home but Oh what a dinner. Like farm hands[,] we ate it and Charley the colored boy had his reward. His oft repeated long drawled query “Have some aaaiges?” had an answering no from two tired heads.

It [is] ten o’clock and very quiet. The bride tired from hill climbing is asleep. The frogs croak hoarsely over in Babahatchie and a wind just kisses into movement the leaves of the trees. The little town is all abed. The moon and the quiet stars keep the vigil. In the west[,] a bank of clouds lays just over one of the hills. The moon shining over it has touched the whole hill with a living glory. At table tonight we had a long talk over realism in literature. I guess Cornelia is right. It’s a good thing to let the other fellow do. The discussion was of James Lane Allen and such books as “A Summer in Arcadia.”

[May 23] [Monday]

[Oakdale]

This morning we went to adventure further up the little street that looked down at us so invitingly the other night when we went to the doctor’s. It was a breathlessly hot morning. We sat in the shade at the top of the hill and read our Browning. Below us the saw mill sent up its occasional shriek of triumph as the good logs furnished it food. Down the road the teamsters stirred their creaking wagons loaded with logs. We lay in the shade and we[re] as happy as children.
On the way back to the Inn we stopped at the little store in the toy street and talked to the proprietor. He was a fellow of parts. A lean square modest young man who misused large words in his effort to arise to the dignity of an entertainer of city visitors. He has been a soldier and fought in the Philippines he told us and he talked quite entertainingly and with surprising modesty of his prowess in the far land. It was hard to think of the proprietor of this little store in the toy street with the saw mill just tantalizing the sleepy air as being a fellow of fire and sword. To go from this to that hot breathless land to swim rivers and wade swamps and to kill little brown men fleeing through the brush. And then to come back to the selling of calico and soft sugar. Well it isn’t a bad record. And it’s good to think of him as so clean and simple and ready to leave his adventuring.,p. Perhaps it made it different that there was someone waiting for him. He had a baby boy in his arms when I first saw him and I caught the flash of a blue calico gown in the little home back of the store. I’ve hardly got it all clear in my own mind but I think it’s something like this. In taking a wife[,] a man loses a certain fine spirit of adventure. He is no longer ready to risk his life or his last dollar on the turn of a card. He goes not willing[ly] to hunt little brown men through the swamps of Luzon. God has laid the hand of responsibility upon him and all the old hate and love and gamble spirit has been sobered into a quiet earnest wish to see the happy gleam in one pair of eyes.

We range the woods no more, nor shall we hunt in disquietude through the hot nights[‘] streets of cities looking for adventure but we’ll sit quietly by our fire and read our book. We too have been to our Philippines and seen the blood mark on the steel. We’ve been hot loving going and coming, ready to kiss, fight or die for a friend. Now we’ll try the other game. May God be as good to us as he has been to the store keeper on the toy street. Night with its mystery. Night with its stars. Carry this message for me. A man and woman love each other. They love God and they walk in cheerful belief in what their life holds. Give them the good brave life. There are only two of them, and they would really be true man and woman. Make it so happen.

May 24 [Tuesday]

Oakdale

It was hot today so that the mountain and [sky] took new shapes in the quivering light. We went across the red bridge and down a brown road and through a hot still dusty field with creepers catching about our legs. The bride rested in the shade while I reconnoitered. Yes[,] we could make it. And so down we went waist high through brown last year’s grass over a sand bar and out across an old river bed where the big round stones were scorching hot to the touch. We made a couch of branches of a sycamore tree. It was so hot that the water was almost maddening in its coaxing and so I went down along the gorge and undressed and laid my body in the current where Babahatchie comes tumbling down from a long rapids. Over to the right a mountain wall, topped with trees and great hanging piles of rock, rose a hundred and fifty feet from the river. Up the old river bed I could just see the white gown of the bride in the shade of the sycamore. Out behind me Babahatchie spread out after her headlong hurrying over the stones and lay cool and peaceful under the sun. The swift running water carried my body well out into the stream. The water ran along my back and formed a little eddy where my heels looked up. It was a happy morning. We had a turn at Fra Lippo Lippi when I got back from my swim and we enjoyed it for all the heat.
After dinner I got miserably sick and had the first experience of “being cherished” as the bride called it. The afternoon wore on til night with me swathed in wet towels and the bride looking very housewifely darning stockings.

For all the headache we had a fine evening in the moonlight. The night is probably the most lovely we have had. The moon grows larger nightly and there was the first red sunset we have seen here. The color was mostly in one pass between two mountain peaks. It was very beautiful and stilled us so that we walked in silent happiness. After we had gone to the room[,] I wanted candles for the journal and letters so I left her, the moonlight kissing her pillowed head and went down through the bushes and out over the wooden bridge to the store by the creek bed. I had to come back empty handed though and climb, my head beating with pain, up the side of the hill to the post office nestled high above the tracks. It was a very still night, with only the occasional cough of a freight engine to break the quietness. I got my candles and went home to sit by the open window where my eye could see her white gowned form. They weren’t real candles, only frivolous yellow, green and red little fellows such as children burn for making merry at Christmas time and it took five of them to make a working light, but they were better than the glaring electric light and burned very gallantly in the breathless night.

May 25 [Wednesday]

Chattanooga

Today was our day for leaving the hills and our little river. It was hot again and very quiet so that no leaf stirred in the trees on the hillside. We sat on the porch and looked at the hills and wondered if they would miss us. We out Marioned Marion packing the trunk and then we went and sat in the little parlor of the Inn and waited for the train. We did not sit in the parlor from choice. We sat there because we had been so oft invited that the thing became a sort of personal matter. To sit in the parlor at the Inn is, it would seem, a sort of implied compliment to the Hostess and the good woman did not deserve anything in the nature of a slight from us. She has been too kindly for us to be staggered by so small a matter at this late hour. And so we sat in the parlor where no doubt we disturbed ten million microbes in their hour of rest. The place was frightfully ugly. It was faded, it had a carpet upon its floor, and time had laid its brown hand over everything. The landlord gave me three fat cigars and the landlady gave us her blessing. From the rear seat of the train we saw our last of Babahatchie. We saw our last of our hills too and the Inn with our ten year old porter running down the track for a ten cent piece cast between the rails, but it was at the river we looked longingly for it was the river [that] had saved the place.
It isn’t the pleasantest thing riding on a train that is trying to recover a lost half hour and for one I wish they’d let the half hours go once they are fairly lost. We got coated with coal black and were forced to retire inside. The train ran up the beautiful valley of the Tennessee where fighting was in war times. It is yellow and brown now with thrifty plowed fields, and faithful following of the plow has given back all war ever took from the fields.

At Chattanooga we had some trouble with an avaricious hotel clerk who, grown fat and independent with carnival crowds, saw in us no more than victims to his greed. We fled. We took bags and baggage and struck off again into the hot streets and found lodging in another hotel.

In the evening, being well fed, we hurried off to the carnival. It was great fun. The crowd was immense and went along in happy good hearted freedom that quite won you. The bride was given no end of attention. First one young gallant would shower her with a handful of many colored bits of paper, then another would come with soft brush and brush it away. The barkers shouted in praise of the little shows. The skirt dancer lady danced and Lioto the Queen of beauty came out in her silver wings and exhibited herself free before the gaping crowd. The high diver did not dive nor did we see the Hippodrome (whatever that may be) but we saw the crowd, and such a crowd, how jocundly they went along and with what good natured freedom they showered favors upon your lady. When we came out of the carnival[,] we saw the negroes standing laughingly along the road in front. All this fun and no place for them, poor souls. They gamboled up and down in rude pretense of holiday merriment but for all their gamboling they made a pathetic little picture for us to carry away with us.

May 26 [Thursday]

Chattanooga

A hot day with crowds surging out of depots and joining the gaily bedecked people on the street. We went early for our shopping to buy a gift for Mrs. Crane, the landlady at Oakdale, and to find a little gold chain to hang our sweetheart ring about the groom’s neck. From ten-thirty until one-thirty we were hot at work getting the Collins story ready to go off. A drawling[,] good natured woman ran the machine and finally got it done acceptably, though it took a deal of chaffing on our part.
In the afternoon we moved out again though it was hot enough to frighten off all but the bravest. The streets were full for all that, showing that the people of Chattanooga are either very brave or very foolish. I prefer to think them very brave. They are a gallant, happy, fun-loving race, these southerners, with something quiet and earnest in their eyes. I’ve noticed that a quiet, fun-loving fellow is a very good sort to depend on either in trouble or in sunshine and really I suppose it is of quite as much importance to know how to have fun as it is to know how to make money.

We took the car to Lookout Mountain, and went through a section of the city reeking of negroes and negro shanties to the little station St. Elmo. The climb up the mountain is a hair raising affair. It calls for every shred of confidence you may have stored up in your breast for American engineers. The grade is 68 ft. to the 100, so we heard a blatant negro declare but it was a deal more like 100 to 68 for the last quarter mile. We stood on the back platform and speculated on the chances of the cable’s breaking til I think we both got a bit nervous. It would probably be absurd to try to keep in mind that picture from the summit by written words. The great glory of it so paints itself on the mind that the whole soul is stirred. The bride and groom sat on a stone at the edge of the mountain and took it in in installments, looking at each other in the intervals. They tried to imagine where the historic points might be and the groom had no little satisfaction in displaying his little store of historic knowledge.

They did not pick out a guide hurriedly from the crowd of noisy negroes, who held forth on their ability as guides, but went past them to where a little old negro sat quietly behind a dilapidated horse and him they engaged. He was a delightful fellow, that old negro. To look at him you might think him an ordinary black man. You might even imagine him whitewashing fences or driving a truck horse upon the street. His fine point is his unpretentiousness of character. You think you are buying the service of a guide and the ease and comfort of a carriage for your lady and for this you pay 50 cents, and then once away from the crowd about the incline station you suddenly discover that you have in fact bought the company of a brave man, or rather you have been made the confidant of a brave man. It is not a matter of buying. For this driver of summer visitors, this quiet darky of unpretentious mien is in very truth a man of battle. The smoke of camp fires hangs about his aged head, the light of battle is in his eye. In fancy you can see again the thin blue line creeping around the ridge of the mountain and hear again the loud alarum proclaiming the coming fight.

“Yes sah Massa! I’se suah seen hahd fightin. I stood heah on dis heah hill that dah and saw ebery las bit of that fight. I’se in Massa Bragg’s ahmy an went back down that gulch thah to keep the federal from a comin up. We got suhrounded ouh regiment did and was clean cut off. I guess we ah been gonahs sure only a citizen cum up and tol us and led us down Hickory Knob in de night time. Yessir Massa I’se one of de veah las men off dis mountain that day. Oh I’se seen hahd fightin Ah has.”

Poor old hero eking out an existence showing northern visitors over the scenes of his triumphs, and says the bride, “Poor citizen, to save a regiment and not even to have your name remembered.” We got a lot more than just information out of that old darky, there was a something intimate and personal about him. You could start a battle anywhere, at Atlanta, Corinth, Chicamauga, your guide immediately gave you unwritten history about the fight, built up a climax and then, like the fine old black hero he was, climbed at once into that climax himself.

We went back down the incline to our hotel and there we stayed for the night. The carnival did not tempt us. We had smelled the smoke of battles and were in no mood for frivolities.

The bride wishes me to record that in Chattanooga she saw the head of a horse that has eight legs.

May 27 [Friday]

Memphis

This has been a journeying day. We were abroad early and were soon on our way to the station with a negro carrying our grip ahead. It must have been a stout walk for the negro as our bag isn’t light. He did the job for ten cents and looked as though he might be thoroughly sick of his bargain before we arrived.
A rain had gone over the city during the night and a thick bank of clouds lay over the city as we ran out of the city and around the feet of Lookout. We weren’t sorry to leave Chattanooga. A carnival city always looks dissipated and unlovely in the morning light and no shouting young men hailed the bride as we went down the tired sleepy eyed street. The day was an ideal one for a railroad voyage. A thick bank of clouds with here and there a patch of blue covered the sky, the earth looked refreshed and alive under the influence of the rains, the train ran leisurely along and stopped at quiet little villages with negroes asleep along the sides of houses. We are in the genuine south now. The homes of the blacks have become more primitive and the big white wide porched pre slavery house appears now and then sitting back among the trees. We see the negro women at work in the fields. We pass little cabins with huge brick chimneys built against the side and rose bushes in full bloom by the door. At Limrock a characteristic group stood at the little post office waiting for the mail we were to bring. The hills disappeared and we ran into a rich well cultivated country with planted field[s] and men and horses at work in them. Click here to continue with the journal.

Anderson's Early Non-Journal Writings

Introduction

These previously unknown essays, stories, and impressions, although few and brief, fill out somewhat the picture that we have of the young Sherwood Anderson from the writings being published in Agricultural Advertising at the same time, although beginning about the time of his marriage, the published pieces do both tend more toward tales and sketches (“fictions”) and express a more questioning attitude toward the business ethic that Anderson had earlier boosted somewhat uncritically. For we can sense in these newly discovered pieces a more philosophical and speculative young man, sensitive to the beauties of nature and the mysteries of life, more aware of language (“words” and “sentences”), more critical of the inhumanity of the machine age, and preoccupied in this spring of his forthcoming marriage with the idea of “woman.” In some hard-to-define way, Anderson’s relationship with Cornelia in the spring of 1904 unquestionably hastened the awakening of the imaginative and creative side of his nature.
Almost all these pieces mention spring, and it is probable that all were written during the spring of 1904, when Anderson was looking forward to (or savoring, in the later pieces) his marriage to Cornelia Lane. In the main, furthermore, they are about women, at a time when his other known writings have about them the strongly masculine flavor of the world of agricultural advertising. It becomes clear that his love and respect for Cornelia were intensified by an idealized and romanticized idea of “woman” as something more unfathomable, “greater,” and more “earnest” than man.

Anderson also expresses here several times the notion that in spring God both raises the sap in the trees and “commands” or “demands” of woman that she marry and reproduce, an idea that becomes applicable — even if only by coincidence — to his own May marriage. He expresses this idea not only in two or three of the pre-marriage pieces but also in the poem that he addresses to the “strangely unprepared” Cornelia after the marriage is consummated, comparing her suffering to that which he imagines is experienced by the budding trees in spring. Both nature and the bride are, furthermore, transformed by the experience into something more beautiful; and Anderson speculates, in both his journal and his poem, that the shop girls on the streets of Cincinnati see the “new” Cornelia and as a result are filled with “great womanly longing” and go “home all blessed for having seen your face.”

If such a view seems in a sense quaint and even chauvinistic, Anderson nevertheless presents it admiringly, wonderingly — even reverently — as a tribute to “woman” and her mysterious role in creation and the creative impulse. And her creative role is not limited to the biological. In “The Red Haired Woman,” for example, women are presented as having a gift for words, sentences, and “richness of phrasing,” a gift that the males do not understand and among themselves dismiss scornfully as “stuff” but which the male author, when alone, ponders wonderingly and approvingly as he walks home in the “warm April rain.” “The Red Haired Woman” is interesting also as an embryonic expression of Anderson’s own sensitivity to the nuances of “words” and “sentences” and to the power and rich possibilities that language can unlock.

Anderson’s expression of these ideas both foreshadows and contrasts with the recurring “womanhood theme” running through his more mature work. His own later relationships with women — even Cornelia — would become ever more complex. Never again would he be able to see “woman” as admiringly, optimistically, or simplistically as in these pieces from the spring of 1904, when he was both beginning to identify himself as a writer and about to be married to one whom he perceived to be the finest of these “great earnest” women, Cornelia Lane.

“The Can Factory” is a surprisingly forthright — almost impassioned — condemnation of the dehumanizing effects of the machine as utilized in a modern factory. This early statement of the destruction of both body and soul of the brutalized young women who “were never made for work in such a place” contrasts sharply with the assumption that Anderson, at this stage of his career, remained complacent about the values and glories of “business” success. “The Can Factory” also foreshadows the “machine age” concerns that became major themes in his work much later, in the early 1930s. As with the “woman” theme, this early statement of the social implications of factory work is much less complex and ambiguous in its (almost entirely negative) attitude toward the machine than that found in his later work.

Finally, “[Poem to the bride]” represents Anderson’s first known attempt to write poetry, an impulse that he first exercised publicly in Mid-American Chants , (1918). It is especially interesting to note the enterprising young businessman referring to himself as a “poet” as early as 1904.

Significance

Sherwood Anderson’s first publication was an essay, “The Farmer Wears Clothes,” printed in Agricultural Advertising in February, 1902; and this was followed by some twenty-nine other essays, sketches, or stories on the advertising profession in the same journal by mid-1905, in addition to two brief 1903 essays in The Reader, a small journal of the Bobbs-Merrill Company in Indianapolis. As long ago as 1951, James Schevill noted in Sherwood Anderson: His Life and Work that these essays “indicate that his interest in writing dates back to a much earlier period than has usually been thought to be the case, owing to his own statements in the so-called ‘autobiographical’ books” ; and according to Ray Lewis White, in his recent Sherwood Anderson: Early Writings, it was in this unpromising format that Anderson first gained experience in handling “the dramatic situations and interesting character presentation necessary to successful fiction.”
In this context, the significance of Anderson’s newly discovered manuscript journal and non-journal writings from the year 1904 is thus five-fold: (1) They reinforce the assumptions of scholars who have concluded that by the time of his marriage in 1904 Sherwood Anderson was already in the grips of an ambition to write, more loosely and uncertainly than at a later time to be sure, but gripped nevertheless. (2) Although largely conventional in language and sentiment, these writings do provide — more definitely than anything heretofore known — foreshadowings of several important concerns of the mature artist, such as sensitivity to nature, the “womanhood theme,” the social implications of the machine age, and an awareness of the power of words and sentences. (3) They fill a gap in our previous knowledge of Anderson’s biography. (4) Aside from a brief extant letter or two, they represent by far the earliest surviving group of holograph manuscripts of Anderson’s writings. (5) As Walter Rideout has demonstrated, the quality of Anderson’s prose changes “decisively” in the second half of the journal in a way that foreshadows his later accomplishments.

Whether these writings — which even Anderson himself may have forgotten about after many years of separation from Cornelia — were preserved by chance or design we shall never know. More certain is the happy result that these ninety-four-year-old documents allow us a vivid if unexpected glimpse of Sherwood Anderson the artist as a young man, walking “in silent happiness” beside his bride amid the natural beauties of the Tennessee hills and inspired to write about his adventures, his emotions, and his aspirations.

Pieces Pre-dating Mid-May, 1904

[Tramp killed by train found by girl]

A [tramp was run over] by a freight train [and his body] must have lain through two days among bushes alongside the tracks. His clothes were near torn from his body and his flesh was blue as you have seen dead frogs when you were a boy and went barefooted by the edge of a swamp.

A little girl going to school found him. She went quite close until she could see his dead eyes and then gathered up her dainty skirts and went on to school, stopping by the way to tell a trackman. “She wasn’t afraid and she wasn’t much concerned,” said the trackman to me. I stayed around and saw the little girl when she went home from school. She had brown eyes and she was talking of the day at school with a companion. I believe you were like that when you were a little girl. To be a little girl who can find a blue tramp dead by the tracks and still keep your mind on the business of the day is to be great I think. I remembered how I have torn myself [away from distractions] …how…kept to…school.

It is well [that after winter] comes spring with sap running through the veins of the trees, else how could that little brown eyed girl ever grow up to marry a man. He will tear his hair I dare say poor fellow and go half mad and she will look at him with those fine sure brown eyes. Strange thing is she’ll end by marrying him and then she’ll be the mother of a race of men. The spring shall not call to that woman in vain nor the demand of God that she pay back the life he has given her go unheeded. I wonder if the man will know?

The Red Haired Woman

I was at John McDermott’s last night. You’ll remember him, a tall yellow man that used to go whistling up the road toward town on summer evenings, and stop to wave his hand to us sitting on the hill. He left Meadowville a year before you did and now he’s married and settled down here. His wife is a pretty clear minded little thing with a way of using words in unexpected ways. You can’t imagine what a charming conversationalist. You are a tiptoe [not to] lose any of her sentences and you are all at sea when you try to catch the exact surprise of them.
When I got up to the house a neighbor woman was just leaving. A woman with red hair and blue eyes. When I was presented she looked straight into my eyes in a way that sent the color to my cheeks. She was the wife of a wealthy merchant who had a house across the street. When John came in a moment later she looked at him as she had at me and went across the street home.

Late at night when Mrs. John had retired we sat by the fire smoking and talking of fun we’d had and I asked John of this red haired woman.

“Tom, there’s a funny business about that woman,” he said. “Kate understands it I guess, and they’re friends but when I ask about it she only laughs and tells me I’d better stick to the law. Say, look this thing over and tell me what you think.” John went across the room and out of a drawer took a roll of manuscript. He threw it upon the table and I began to read. It was something about spring but there was no connection at all between some of the sentences. They just seem to have been set down with no thought of meaning, but such sentences. They sent the blood to your cheeks with their richness of phrasing, they were like and yet strangely unlike the talk I had heard in the mouth of my friend’s wife. “Who wrote this stuff,” I demanded, rolling up the manuscript and throwing it back upon the table. “It’s the red haired woman,” said John. “Kate got her to doing the stuff. Says it’s an outlet for her. But say, I feel mean about showing it to you. I guess I’d better leave this sort of thing to Kate, she seems to understand.”

As I came home again through the warm April rain I felt again the touch of that woman’s eyes and thought of how the world would be better if there were more Kates who understood.

[The Can Factory]

I went to a factory today where cans are made. A friend spent two hours with me going about in the plant. It is very wonderful. There are long rooms filled with the most marvelous machines that work with wonderful precision and speed. You could not imagine how rapidly the completed cans fell upon the long belt that counted them and then carried them off to be stored in boxes for shipment. A can was born every fraction of a second. It was perfect in shape, firmly soldered and thoroughly tested for leaks. Oh the world has made progress in the making of cans, but they pay for it. A heavy eyed man was my escort. He took me between long rows of machines where young girls punched covers from the sheeted tin. “Oh yes, they very often punch off a finger,” he said with stupid indifference. I wish every man and every woman in the world could have walked down between those long rows of crooked backed, tired faced girls. The millionaire and his wife, the farmer and his wife, the hunter from the northern woods, the Irishman working on the railroad, the clerk from Wall Street. I think if we could all file along past, say at five o’clock of a warm afternoon, and see the tired old faces, the ugly scowls, the pretense of laughter, and then stopping think what it would mean to us if one of those girls were our own children. And let’s even venture a more trying thought, think of one of those women bearing children. Of course I know that a man will get but small sympathy who protests. Fair minded enough men will go and report all within the law. The girls will be interviewed and perhaps express satisfaction with their occupation. The man who showed me through the place is a fair minded man and he met with grave indifference my suggestion that these girls were never made for such work in such a place. A fair minded man but asleep, a poor dead soul. I should as soon be the son of the woman there with an ugly little hunch on her back as the son of a man who through long association can see no harm in the sight of [a] woman bending all day over a machine for the making of cans.
But we have cheaper cans thereby — yes, thank God it is good to have cheap cans. I am very glad for cheap cans. I do not wonder that, old early in life, they sometimes walk out of factories and sell their poor bodies for a bit of finery and an early grave I think I should do that.

I got to thinking of it all this evening and I wondered if it would not be brave and wise to go out there again tomorrow and pick out one of those women and release her. Of course it couldn’t be done, she probably wouldn’t want to be released, for her poor soul also is buried in the hum of the shop. And five miles away the sun was throwing evening shadows through the branches of the trees, and the green of the grass was turning blue with the coming of night. And [it] is spring and the sap runs through the trees and the earth shakes with joyous birth pains. I wonder if there is an answering call in any of those thin little breasts. If God cries his message of spring and his command to woman kind so that it reaches even there?

[Afternoon on a slow train]

It is Sunday evening and I have prospects [of] a weary afternoon’s journey on a slow train. Now I am a lover of books, an apt or likely expression as a mouth filling name will hang in my memory for weeks and on this afternoon I had with me Stevenson’s Travels With A Donkey. I tell you this that you may know what matter of fellow was calling to me in his printed pages. I think it proof final of the impotency of books in the spring when I tell you that I was won entirely out of its pages by a crowd of lusty young ballplayers who crowded into the car with great mirth and the clatter of ball bats. I do not pretend to take upon my young shoulders the responsibility of a discussion as to the right and wrong of this matter of Sunday ball playing. I merely wish to tell you of the enjoyment I had in the jam of lusty youth that crowded the car and lifted up its voice in rollicking song. If they play ball with the vigor and sang-froid with which they sing I dare say they are successful. They called me from my book and I could not go back and during the afternoon I was compelled to tell one of them coldly to refrain from spitting under my seat.
So you see I became one of the party. I attracted attention and was pointed out. One young fellow with thick lips even went so far as to make a vulgar song about me but it was all at least human and gave a touch to my loneliness.

I have no desire to romance about a man who spits under his neighbor’s feet. I have indeed great contempt for him, but his society even when engaged in manufacturing a song about me is better than a certain kind of solitude.

[Spring fever]

There is a sort of aching that comes into the limbs of the young at this season of the year and for several days I have been a victim to this. I think it is by some called spring fever, but I think it is something more organic than a dullness in the flow of blood as this name in some way suggests. It is not attended by any laziness in my case but only by very acute pain. It has been my pleasure to account for it by a method of reasoning entirely my own.
Pieces Written Simultaneously With the Journal

[A woman is like a river]

The river here is wide and deep and very much in earnest about its journeying. It does not laugh as on the plains but talks seriously as it hurries over the stones. I think it is the hills that are the prime cause of this serious attitude of the river. I visited the place once with a woman. A woman is like a river, she laughs and hurries along in the plains between the grassy banks, but put her among the hills in big serious places of life and see how different her tone. She goes forward so much more bravely than would a man but she is the very river and the hills in her earnestness. Beware young man how you go light hearted to her there. And yet I think I should take my own new wife to the hills. It would not be a pleasant and light hearted wedding journey and in the early morning when she awoke by your side and the fog lay on the land you would need to be very sure of all the thoughts you had ever held of your woman for her eyes would be seeking and finding any deceit.
[The wedding]

The young man did not see the others as they came down the stairs, there was only the woman in the white gown. In the second as she stood poised on the last step he thought of the journey they two were to take together. Strangely enough the journey wonder grew and grew in his mind until the beating notes of the orchestra became as the waves upon the shore and here was this woman with the beautiful shoulders and fine eyes coming to him. He wondered if she knew after all what a bare beating along profitless shores all his journeying had come to in the past. He felt as though he ought to tell her how unkind he has been to the people who had come down to his boat and how his heart had gone black at the barrenness of his cargoes. Then his eyes close and the faces following the bride made a great wreath about her head and his courage came back as his love surged back into his heart. Great earnest woman, he cried in his heart, after all it is for you to mark the voyage of the ship and I shall be your crew to work for you.
[Poem to the bride]

There is a poem lurking in my heart
of you and how the night went on.
Of all the wonder of your courage.
Of the men that passed us on the streets.
You see I do not sing, I only know.
I know the struggle in your heart,
The sweet submission in your voice.
The tender wishing that your man do right
Dear journeying woman of my heart.
So tender and so strangely unprepared.

It is the spring dear heart you feel.
The trees feel so
and we stand by and call it beautiful.
I think they suffer just as you do now.
And dear the world sees that in you.
The shop girls that you pitied on the street
went home all blessed for having seen your face.

And that man who sleeps beside you in the night,
He knows so much of it that he can only wish to tell.
He sees the rivers and the towering hills
and then he looks at you and dear he understands.

God made him so, a speechless poet
who must write in this blank way
the words that might bring comfort to your heart.
He has so many little weaknesses
and now they all appear, and he is tossed about
and weak and still he understands.
And wants to sing to you and make you happy.

Let him try great woman.
He don’t care if all his words
are like these ragged lines.
Just grimly trying he may still succeed.

Afterword

By Marion Anderson “Mimi” Spear

When I first saw this diary of a honeymoon it was tucked under a pile of clothing in a chest of drawers in my mother’s house. This was soon after her death. At first I believed I had run across a well-remembered book of amusing stories about the Anderson children that my mother used to read to us from time to time, much as many families turn to old picture albums to revive and enjoy old memories.

After I had turned the book around and discovered page after page in my father’s hard-to-read handwriting, I realized that something none of us knew about had fallen into my hands. Later that year my brother John and I spent painstaking hours transcribing the material. It moved ahead so slowly that I, at least, failed to grasp what a priceless piece of early family history had been discovered. Only after Hilbert Campbell’s careful study of the material and his time-consuming research into each facet of the story as it unfolded in the diary was I struck by the sadness of this idyll of young love portrayed in a 1904 honeymoon that marked the beginning of a marriage that probably never should have happened.

But it did. And that is why my bothers Bob and John, and I reaped the reward and some of the pain of being part of a divided household like no other, yet one from which we derived much of our outlook on life. From Cornelia, who took over the support and rearing of us three children, we grew to know the value of reading, self-reliance, integrity, and the belief that life can be fun, even when you are poor and part of an unconventional household. Actually we were not conscious of how terribly poor we were, but believe me, we were. No one we knew lived as we did with a mother who taught school for many years at pittance wages, and who had a father in absentia who wrote books. Sherwood visited occasionally in the company of his second wife, Tennessee Mitchell Anderson, who early on became one of our favorite adults. Everyone knows the story of my father’s many marriages, and, in each case, the new stepmother turned out to be a person we came to like and admire.

Cornelia was once described by a country woman friend of the family as “very close mouthed.” No one could have said it better. She never discussed her married life with us children, nor with scarcely anyone else as far as I know. Her only comment was “Your father always married first class women.”

Being the youngest, I do not remember living in a household where my father was present. The split in the marriage occurred not long after I came into the world so I have no memories of being with my father except when he visited our house during my childhood, on a trip abroad when I was about 16 during which I saw little of him as I was in boarding school, and later when, as a young woman, I visited at his home in Virginia.

There have been times when I felt some bitterness. This happened after I was grown and had a clearer perspective on my growing up years. I counted myself cheated by not having experienced the good values that come with growing up under the tutelage of a father as well as a mother. When one of these “attacks” hits home strongly enough, I take down one of Sherwood’s books from my library shelves. In these pages I find the values that have become mine, and I am always reminded of what a lucky life I have lived.

One way or another, I think the Anderson children grew up strongly influenced both by our mother’s courage and strong intellectual approach to life and by Sherwood’s pioneering in the thinking of his times, plus his strong affection for and identification with people who are exactly what they purport to be — no more, no less — simply genuine men and women.

This spring of 1991 marks 50 years since the death of Sherwood Anderson at the age of 65, much too soon for a man who loved life and its adventures as he did. I can only believe that had he lived longer we might have come to be much closer friends. Cornelia lived for many years in a tiny house we built next to ours until only a few days before her 90th birthday. During those final years when we had her close to us, she became more than my mother, in truth the best friend I ever had.