{"id":731,"date":"2017-09-05T09:57:21","date_gmt":"2017-09-05T13:57:21","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/math320\/?p=731"},"modified":"2017-09-05T12:33:44","modified_gmt":"2017-09-05T16:33:44","slug":"muddiest-point-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/math320\/2017\/09\/05\/muddiest-point-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Muddiest Point."},"content":{"rendered":"<p>I thought the muddiest part of the class on Thursday was the second part of the proof for showing that <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s0.wp.com\/latex.php?latex=sup%28ca%29+%3D+csup%28A%29+&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000&#038;s=0&#038;c=20201002\" alt=\"sup(ca) = csup(A) \" class=\"latex\" \/>. The reason why I thought this was the muddiest point is because it is easy to confuse the difference between the upper-bound and the least upper-bound of a set and that once you have shown that something is the upper-bound of a set it is easy to forget that you must show that it is the least upper-bound.<br \/>\nThe reason why there is a second part of this proof is that in the first part we have only shown that <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s0.wp.com\/latex.php?latex=cs&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000&#038;s=0&#038;c=20201002\" alt=\"cs\" class=\"latex\" \/> is an upper-bound of set <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s0.wp.com\/latex.php?latex=cA&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000&#038;s=0&#038;c=20201002\" alt=\"cA\" class=\"latex\" \/>, where <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s0.wp.com\/latex.php?latex=s+%3D+sup%28A%29&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000&#038;s=0&#038;c=20201002\" alt=\"s = sup(A)\" class=\"latex\" \/> and <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s0.wp.com\/latex.php?latex=c+%5Cgeq+0&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000&#038;s=0&#038;c=20201002\" alt=\"c &#92;geq 0\" class=\"latex\" \/>. In order to complete the proof we must show that <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s0.wp.com\/latex.php?latex=cs&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000&#038;s=0&#038;c=20201002\" alt=\"cs\" class=\"latex\" \/> is the least upper bound which as the name indicates means that <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s0.wp.com\/latex.php?latex=cs&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000&#038;s=0&#038;c=20201002\" alt=\"cs\" class=\"latex\" \/> is less than all other upper-bounds for the set <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s0.wp.com\/latex.php?latex=cA&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000&#038;s=0&#038;c=20201002\" alt=\"cA\" class=\"latex\" \/>. This is the difference between an upper-bound and a least upper-bound. Once we know that we must show that <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s0.wp.com\/latex.php?latex=cs&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000&#038;s=0&#038;c=20201002\" alt=\"cs\" class=\"latex\" \/> is a least upper-bound we start by letting <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s0.wp.com\/latex.php?latex=d&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000&#038;s=0&#038;c=20201002\" alt=\"d\" class=\"latex\" \/> be and upper-bound for <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s0.wp.com\/latex.php?latex=cA&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000&#038;s=0&#038;c=20201002\" alt=\"cA\" class=\"latex\" \/>. Now we have two different cases. One where <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s0.wp.com\/latex.php?latex=c+%3D+0&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000&#038;s=0&#038;c=20201002\" alt=\"c = 0\" class=\"latex\" \/> and the other where <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s0.wp.com\/latex.php?latex=c%3E+0&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000&#038;s=0&#038;c=20201002\" alt=\"c&gt; 0\" class=\"latex\" \/> because as you will see the mathematics are different for each case. For the case that <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s0.wp.com\/latex.php?latex=c%3E0&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000&#038;s=0&#038;c=20201002\" alt=\"c&gt;0\" class=\"latex\" \/> we know that <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s0.wp.com\/latex.php?latex=d%5Cgeq+a&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000&#038;s=0&#038;c=20201002\" alt=\"d&#92;geq a\" class=\"latex\" \/> <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s0.wp.com\/latex.php?latex=%5Cforall+a+%5Cin+A&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000&#038;s=0&#038;c=20201002\" alt=\"&#92;forall a &#92;in A\" class=\"latex\" \/>. Then by dividing by c we can see that <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s0.wp.com\/latex.php?latex=%5Cfrac%7Bd%7D%7Bc%7D+%5Cgeq+a+&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000&#038;s=0&#038;c=20201002\" alt=\"&#92;frac{d}{c} &#92;geq a \" class=\"latex\" \/> <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s0.wp.com\/latex.php?latex=%5Cforall+a+%5Cin+A&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000&#038;s=0&#038;c=20201002\" alt=\"&#92;forall a &#92;in A\" class=\"latex\" \/>. This means that <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s0.wp.com\/latex.php?latex=%5Cfrac%7Bd%7D%7Bc%7D&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000&#038;s=0&#038;c=20201002\" alt=\"&#92;frac{d}{c}\" class=\"latex\" \/> is an upper-bound for <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s0.wp.com\/latex.php?latex=A&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000&#038;s=0&#038;c=20201002\" alt=\"A\" class=\"latex\" \/> which means <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s0.wp.com\/latex.php?latex=s+%5Cneq+%5Cfrac%7Bd%7D%7Bc%7D+&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000&#038;s=0&#038;c=20201002\" alt=\"s &#92;neq &#92;frac{d}{c} \" class=\"latex\" \/> since we already know s is the least upper-bound of <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s0.wp.com\/latex.php?latex=A&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000&#038;s=0&#038;c=20201002\" alt=\"A\" class=\"latex\" \/>. Now with the inequality <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s0.wp.com\/latex.php?latex=s+%5Cneq+%5Cfrac%7Bd%7D%7Bc%7D+&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000&#038;s=0&#038;c=20201002\" alt=\"s &#92;neq &#92;frac{d}{c} \" class=\"latex\" \/> we can multiply both sides by <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s0.wp.com\/latex.php?latex=c&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000&#038;s=0&#038;c=20201002\" alt=\"c\" class=\"latex\" \/> and we see that <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s0.wp.com\/latex.php?latex=cs+%5Cneq+d&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000&#038;s=0&#038;c=20201002\" alt=\"cs &#92;neq d\" class=\"latex\" \/>. Now we know that <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s0.wp.com\/latex.php?latex=cs&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000&#038;s=0&#038;c=20201002\" alt=\"cs\" class=\"latex\" \/> is the least upper-bound if <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s0.wp.com\/latex.php?latex=c%3E0&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000&#038;s=0&#038;c=20201002\" alt=\"c&gt;0\" class=\"latex\" \/>, so now we must do the case that <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s0.wp.com\/latex.php?latex=c+%3D+0&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000&#038;s=0&#038;c=20201002\" alt=\"c = 0\" class=\"latex\" \/>. If <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s0.wp.com\/latex.php?latex=c+%3D+0&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000&#038;s=0&#038;c=20201002\" alt=\"c = 0\" class=\"latex\" \/> then <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s0.wp.com\/latex.php?latex=cs+%3D+0&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000&#038;s=0&#038;c=20201002\" alt=\"cs = 0\" class=\"latex\" \/>. From here it is easy to deduce that <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s0.wp.com\/latex.php?latex=d+%5Cgeq+cs&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000&#038;s=0&#038;c=20201002\" alt=\"d &#92;geq cs\" class=\"latex\" \/> because <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s0.wp.com\/latex.php?latex=d+%5Cgeq+ca+%3D+0+%3D+cs&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000&#038;s=0&#038;c=20201002\" alt=\"d &#92;geq ca = 0 = cs\" class=\"latex\" \/>.Now it is apparent why two cases are needed. As you can see the case where <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s0.wp.com\/latex.php?latex=c%3E0&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000&#038;s=0&#038;c=20201002\" alt=\"c&gt;0\" class=\"latex\" \/> cannot be done if <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s0.wp.com\/latex.php?latex=c&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000&#038;s=0&#038;c=20201002\" alt=\"c\" class=\"latex\" \/> could be zero as that would involve dividing by zero. In addition to this the case where <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s0.wp.com\/latex.php?latex=c+%3D+0&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000&#038;s=0&#038;c=20201002\" alt=\"c = 0\" class=\"latex\" \/> is much simpler due to the nature of multiplying by zero.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>I thought the muddiest part of the class on Thursday was the second part of the proof for showing that . The reason why I thought this was the muddiest point is because it is easy to confuse the difference between the upper-bound and the least upper-bound of a set and that once you have [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3524,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[58822],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-731","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-muddiest-point"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p7L4E1-bN","jetpack-related-posts":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/math320\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/731","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/math320\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/math320\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/math320\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3524"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/math320\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=731"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/math320\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/731\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/math320\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=731"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/math320\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=731"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/math320\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=731"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}