{"id":433,"date":"2016-05-05T22:24:14","date_gmt":"2016-05-06T02:24:14","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/greetingsfromrichmond\/?p=433"},"modified":"2016-06-08T09:06:00","modified_gmt":"2016-06-08T13:06:00","slug":"5-minutes-in-richmond-va-the-2015-uci-races-and-exclusionary-representations-of-rva","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/greetingsfromrichmond\/2016\/05\/05\/5-minutes-in-richmond-va-the-2015-uci-races-and-exclusionary-representations-of-rva\/","title":{"rendered":"\u201c5 Minutes in Richmond, VA:\u201d The 2015 UCI Races and Exclusionary Representations of RVA"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>By Damian Hondares, &#8217;17<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cToday could be a huge day for Richmond,\u201d<\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.richmond.com\/business\/article_255f90fb-e14e-5875-8908-e5ffa9d45725.html\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">the <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Richmond Times-Dispatch<\/span><\/i><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> predicted in September 2011. \u201cMayor Dwight C. Jones is overseas in Copenhagen, Denmark, awaiting an announcement of the winning bid for the 2015 World Road Cycling Championships.\u201d Hours later, it was official: Richmond would host the championships, \u201c<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/richmond2015.com\/about\/about-the-world-championships\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">cycling\u2019s pinnacle event<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u201d Three hundred million eyes would be on Richmond, from all across the globe. The city&#8217;s UCI planning committee \u2014 consisting of local politicians and entrepreneurs \u2014 estimated the event, which ran from September 19-27, would draw<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/richmond2015.com\/about\/courses\/faq\/\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">450,000 visitors<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Richmond was \u201cone step closer to being one of the world\u2019s great bicycling cities,\u201d Mayor Jones<\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.usacycling.org\/richmond-wins-bid-to-host-2015-road-cycling-world-championships.htm\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">declared<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Expectations were high, but Richmond still needed to market itself and the event. That marketing was predicated on three central tropes. It relied on \u201cNew South\u201d boosterism to highlight a burgeoning Southern economy. It used<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/muse.jhu.edu\/journals\/advertising_and_society_review\/v001\/1.1schudson.html\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">capitalist realism<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/muse.jhu.edu\/article\/2953\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">social tableau<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, contemporary advertising techniques that envision an unrealistically optimistic \u201creality\u201d and focus on social roles rather than individuals. And it appealed to transnational discourses of the \u201cglobal city,\u201d using sports to convey an aestheticized, apolitical vision of \u201cprogress.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"jetpack-video-wrapper\"><span class=\"embed-youtube\" style=\"text-align:center; display: block;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"youtube-player\" width=\"720\" height=\"405\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/At3Y59dzAZQ?version=3&#038;rel=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;showinfo=1&#038;iv_load_policy=1&#038;fs=1&#038;hl=en-US&#038;autohide=2&#038;wmode=transparent\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" style=\"border:0;\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts allow-same-origin allow-popups allow-presentation allow-popups-to-escape-sandbox\"><\/iframe><\/span><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201c<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=At3Y59dzAZQ\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">5 Minutes with Richmond, VA<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">,\u201d a promotional video released by Specialized Bikes in September 2015, serves as a case in point. It is a montage of scenes of cycling and recreation in Richmond, coupled with shots of local businesses and interviews with local entrepreneurs. \u201cA city steeped in history, Richmond, Virginia is now one of the most vibrant, eclectic, and livable cities in the world,\u201d the narrator tells us in the video\u2019s opening moments, amidst beautiful overhead shots of the city, and a shot of the train station and the Capitol. Cutting between imagery of storefronts and bikers on cobblestone paths, the narrator calls Richmond the perfect host city for UCI while announcing the imminent arrival of the world&#8217;s best bikers.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cRichmond is progressing,\u201d Tim Mullins, the owner of Carytown Bicycle Co., says.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cIt\u2019s a good link between the South and the North,\u201d Tag Christof, the owner of Need Supply Co., a clothing store, says.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cWe\u2019re a great place to live, work, play, and also conduct business,\u201d Wilson Flohr, the chair of the UCI planning committee, says, over shots of local storefronts and kayakers on the James River.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Lee Gregory, executive chef and co-owner of The Roosevelt, claims that the UCI Championships prove that Richmond is growing. Christof insists that they indicate that Richmond has ascended to the &#8220;world stage.&#8221;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The video concludes with Anousheh, a local musician, performing amidst an artsy, graffitied backdrop, while local business owners praise the city\u2019s art scene. Monica Callahan, a member of the UCI planning committee, closes the video. &#8220;People are truly getting excited that Richmond has this chance to literally host the world,&#8221; she says over shots of cyclists disappearing into the sunset. &#8220;We&#8217;re really excited to see what it&#8217;s going to mean for the city. I think it&#8217;s going to mean a lot of great things.&#8221;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It\u2019s a romantic account of the city, but not necessarily new, when placed in consideration with how Richmond has presented itself in the past centuries. In the<\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.apple.com\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">aftermath of the Civil War<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, Richmond needed to reinvigorate its economy. It did so by calling itself an economic link between the North and the South, as well as a historical one, a site of the founding of the nation. At the same time, Richmond was also represented as a city of leisure, where visitors from across the nation were just as welcome to shop and relax by the James River as they were to invest or open a business. Richmond was a great place to \u201clive, work, play, and also conduct business,\u201d as UCI planning chairman Flohr says, even in the late nineteenth century. The city\u2019s leaders effectively sidestepped stereotypes and stigmas placed on southern identity and instead presented Richmond as a city that was historical, but also \u201cprogressive and liberal,\u201d an incipient metropolis.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">And if Richmond\u2019s leadership was attempting to cast aside northerners\u2019 \u2014 and \u201coutsiders\u201d generally \u2014 preconceived notions in the late nineteenth \u00a0century, it is doing the same today. When the <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">New York Times<\/span><\/i> <a href=\"http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1987\/01\/11\/travel\/what-s-doing-in-richmond.html\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">featured Richmond<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in its travel section in 1987, it focused heavily on the city as a quaint historical town. Richmond was many things, but seemingly not progressive. Even in <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">New York Times<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> travel writer Lindsay Moran&#8217;s<\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2007\/06\/01\/travel\/escapes\/01American.html\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">more recent piece<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, from 2007, the emphasis remains on the city as a sleepy southern town with deep historical roots. When Moran acknowledges a more progressive edge, she qualifies the statement by adding, \u201cnotwithstanding its ties and testimonies to Robert E. Lee and other heroes of a long-lost world.\u201d Sectional divide and less-than-flattering assumptions about Richmond and the South abound. In this context, the city\u2019s leadership was pushed once again to defy such assumptions and to represent Richmond differently, as a metropolis teeming with economic potential, ready to welcome visitors from across the globe.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Richmond UCI campaign uses techniques indicative of what Michael Schudson calls \u201c<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/muse.jhu.edu\/journals\/advertising_and_society_review\/v001\/1.1schudson.html\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">capitalist realism<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">,\u201d so as to highlight a city that is progressing and on the verge of becoming \u201cglobal.\u201d As Schudson explains, capitalist realism, a cornerstone of advertising campaigns, is so optimistic as to depict an alternate reality, peopled by<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/image.cdn.ispot.tv\/ad\/7pVg\/chase-ink-business-plus-small-business-owners-large-2.jpg\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">vague characters who serve only to represent larger social categories<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">All of these aspects are clearly applicable to the promotional video in question. Though most of the interviewees who appear in the video are named, seemingly contradicting Schudson\u2019s assertion that ads rarely picture individuals, their social categories are more significant in the context of this advertisement. The owners of Carytown Bikes, for instance, serve only to talk about their role as business owners in a \u201cbusiness-friendly\u201d city. Their message is supplemented by Wilson Flohr\u2019s reminder that the city is a great place to conduct business. Similarly, local musician Anousheh is only introduced by name toward the video\u2019s conclusion, when she begins to sing. She is labeled as \u201cmusician,\u201d to introduce viewers to the artistic, \u201cedgy\u201d side of Richmond, thereby defying labels placed on a city normatively considered to be the \u201cdull, conservative, rundown red-brick industrial town\u201d of which Gehman wrote in 1987.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The video is also<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.allctinsurance.com\/img\/ct-happy-family.jpg\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">thoroughly optimistic<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/mslk.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2008\/05\/toyota_moving_forward_mslk.jpg\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">assumes there is progress<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Mullins tells us directly that the city is progressing, and so does Christof, who says that the bike race is a \u201cturning point\u201d for Richmond. The capitalist realism of the ad reaffirms Richmond\u2019s status. The argument can also be made that the video\u2019s depiction of \u201creality\u201d is, paradoxically, far from reality. It is reminiscent of \u201c<\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/it.stlawu.edu\/~global\/glossary\/tableaux.html\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">social tableau<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">,\u201d an advertising technique of which historian Roland Marchand writes, which employs \u201c<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com\/736x\/49\/21\/da\/4921da5d69e96bf63ebcd91e7222f8ef.jpg\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">fantasy images of \u2018a step up.\u2019<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201d Marchand\u2019s analyses of these \u201csocial tableau\u201d ads \u2014 romanticized \u201c<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/envisioningtheamericandream.files.wordpress.com\/2013\/03\/housewives-chores.jpg\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">slices of life<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201d that are stereotypical enough to be familiar to members of a mainstream audience \u2014 prove particularly applicable here.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">An especially bold and contentious statement made in the video is that Richmond is \u201cone of the most vibrant, eclectic, and livable cities in the world.\u201d Certainly, numbers do not support such a claim. As the New York Times noted in<\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2013\/10\/15\/us\/richmond-awaits-a-bold-antipoverty-plan.html?_r=0\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">October 2013<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, the city has an astronomical poverty rate, at least on a national scale. At the time of the publication of that story, the rate hovered around 26.3 percent, which was well above the national average (15.9 percent). But this information is noticeably absent in the Specialized Bikes video. The introduction that is provided to Richmond is not one that genuinely reflects the city and the experiences of its inhabitants, but rather one that reflects a higher slice of life that is available to only select Richmonders. It is capitalist realism so intent on being optimistic as to convey a deceptive and incomplete message.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The messages conveyed in the UCI marketing campaign appeal to notions of the &#8220;global city.&#8221; As Stephen Ward explains in <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Selling Places: The Marketing and Promotion of Towns and Cities<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, spectacle, of which sports are an exemplar, enables cities to be advertised as \u201cThe Next Great International City.\u201d Certainly, this rhetoric of globalization is prevalent in the promotional video. City boosters<\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.apple.com\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">use such rhetoric<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> less to truly globalize than to denote newness, opportunity, and progress. In using such rhetoric, Richmond\u2019s boosters were merely advertising the city as superficially, aesthetically \u201cprogressive.\u201d The message of globalization, oddly enough, almost entirely disregards the global nature of the city\u2019s population, ignoring foreign-born residents, who constitute<\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.apple.com\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">7.1 percent<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of Richmond\u2019s population, as well as the 13,000 Latinos, none of whom are featured or even mentioned.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">To make the argument that Richmond had ascended to the status of a \u201cglobal city,\u201d boosters looked past the city\u2019s international roots and instead capitalized on the spectacle of sports. Since Los Angeles announced $200 million in profits from the 1984 Summer Olympic Games,<\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.apple.com\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">cities have competed for the rights<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to host such major events, in the hopes of generating profits and encouraging economic development. Though the UCI championships were intended to be an economic boon to the city, the story for local business and restaurant owners is murky. Kevin Wilson, the owner of local restaurant Sticky Rice,<\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/wtvr.com\/2015\/09\/22\/uci-restaurant-owners-ghost-town\/\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">complained<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> that business had declined 20 to 25 percent during the championships and said there was a \u201cghost town\u201d atmosphere. Rather than encouraging traffic and business, the races seemed to deter visitors and customers. While the Richmond 2015 campaign board announced that the event had a \u201c<\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/wric.com\/2015\/12\/18\/richmond-2015-releases-estimated-economic-impact-of-uci-road-world-championships\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">$161 million impact<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201d to the city, VCU economics professor Edward Millner concluded \u00a0that UCI \u201c<\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.newsplex.com\/home\/headlines\/Richmond-See-Small-Financial-Benefit-from-UCI-Championship-352952031.html\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">was not a financial home run<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The uncertain financial outcome for Richmond seems to be less the exception for host cities than the rule. City planners\u2019 hopes of being \u201cput on the map\u201d by major sporting events are often<\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.apple.com\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">misplaced and exaggerated<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Cities often suffer losses on such major investments while social and economic problems, such as unemployment, poverty, and homelessness, are exacerbated. The dreams of great, profitable sporting events are frequently baseless, which, pushes boosters to exaggerate profits. Whether or not the city boosters\u2019 financial projections have been exaggerated, the mixed results for Richmond constitute a setback for the boosters\u2019 use of the superficial rhetoric of the \u201cprogressive\u201d global city.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The definition of progressive, as posited by the ad and the city boosters, notably leaves out the wealth of progressive political movements in Richmond. There is no mention of the<\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.apple.com\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">thriving community of activism<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> surrounding social issues such as<\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/diversityrichmond.org\/who-we-are.html\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> LGBTQ rights<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. There is no mention of the Black Lives Matter movement, which had been<\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.apple.com\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">firmly entrenched at VCU<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> since February 2015. The ad presents viewers with an aestheticized vision of progress, of edgy tattoos, graffiti, and independent musicians, but neglects the substantive political roots of progressivism.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In 2011, when Richmond was announced as the host city of the 2015 UCI Championships, city leaders and boosters worked to create a sense of optimism and excitement in the city. Marketing for Richmond and the bike races, including the Specialized Bikes video, was predicated on centuries-old notions of a \u201cNew South,\u201d using advertising techniques to propagate images of Richmond as a progressive \u201cglobal city.\u201d A pattern is evident: To attract tourists, the city&#8217;s leadership has represented Richmond in a way that neglects certain populations, such as the poor, immigrants, and non-English speakers, as well as politically progressive communities. Powerful city boosters have neglected experiences, political opinions, and movements they consider less desirable, disenfranchising those communities by depriving them of the right to have a say in Richmond\u2019s self-representations. In the process, they\u2019ve set the city on a course toward an uncertain future.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Further reading<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Edward L. Ayers, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Promise of the New South: Life after Reconstruction<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. New York: Oxford \u00a0University Press, 1992.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Michael Schudson, \u00a0<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Advertising, The Uneasy Persuasion: Its Dubious Impact on American Society<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. New York: Basic Books, 1984.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Andrew S. Zimbalist, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Circus Maximus: The Economic Gamble behind Hosting the Olympics and the World Cup<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Washington: Brookings Institution, 2015.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>By Damian Hondares, &#8217;17 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u201cToday could be a huge day for Richmond,\u201d the Richmond Times-Dispatch predicted in September 2011. \u201cMayor Dwight C. Jones is overseas in Copenhagen, Denmark, awaiting an announcement of the winning bid for the 2015 World Road Cycling Championships.\u201d Hours later, it was official: Richmond would host the championships, \u201ccycling\u2019s pinnacle event.\u201d Three hundred million eyes would be on Richmond, from &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/greetingsfromrichmond\/2016\/05\/05\/5-minutes-in-richmond-va-the-2015-uci-races-and-exclusionary-representations-of-rva\/\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">\u201c5 Minutes in Richmond, VA:\u201d The 2015 UCI Races and Exclusionary Representations of RVA<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2932,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[52761],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-433","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-interpretive-essays"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p7um32-6Z","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":457,"url":"https:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/greetingsfromrichmond\/2016\/05\/06\/lizzie-armitstead\/","url_meta":{"origin":433,"position":0},"title":"LIZZIE ARMITSTEAD","author":"Dominique Brown","date":"May 6, 2016","format":false,"excerpt":"Lizzie Armitstead September 13-28, 2015 Tears streamed down Lizzie Armitstead\u2019s cheeks as she crossed the finish line and won gold in the UCI Road World Championships on September 26, 2015. At only 26 years old, hers was a meteoric rise, and it culminated in Richmond. Though Armitstead took time to\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Famous Visitors&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Famous Visitors","link":"https:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/greetingsfromrichmond\/category\/famous-visitors-2\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blog.richmond.edu\/greetingsfromrichmond\/files\/2016\/04\/Lizzy.png?fit=900%2C630&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blog.richmond.edu\/greetingsfromrichmond\/files\/2016\/04\/Lizzy.png?fit=900%2C630&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blog.richmond.edu\/greetingsfromrichmond\/files\/2016\/04\/Lizzy.png?fit=900%2C630&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blog.richmond.edu\/greetingsfromrichmond\/files\/2016\/04\/Lizzy.png?fit=900%2C630&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":296,"url":"https:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/greetingsfromrichmond\/2016\/04\/28\/tourism-richmond\/","url_meta":{"origin":433,"position":1},"title":"Tourism &#038; Richmond","author":"Alexandra Byrum","date":"April 28, 2016","format":false,"excerpt":"People have traveled for millennia. But tourism, or travel for recreation, is a relatively new idea. Early nineteenth-century observers coined the word \u201csightseeing\u201d to capture the growing popularity of traveling to destinations and touring recognized \u201csights.\u201d \u00a0 Modern tourism emerged in Richmond after the Civil War. Guidebooks by city boosters\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Famous Visitors&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Famous Visitors","link":"https:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/greetingsfromrichmond\/category\/famous-visitors-2\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blog.richmond.edu\/greetingsfromrichmond\/files\/2016\/04\/Commerce_Broad.jpg?fit=845%2C521&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blog.richmond.edu\/greetingsfromrichmond\/files\/2016\/04\/Commerce_Broad.jpg?fit=845%2C521&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blog.richmond.edu\/greetingsfromrichmond\/files\/2016\/04\/Commerce_Broad.jpg?fit=845%2C521&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blog.richmond.edu\/greetingsfromrichmond\/files\/2016\/04\/Commerce_Broad.jpg?fit=845%2C521&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":350,"url":"https:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/greetingsfromrichmond\/2016\/05\/01\/julia-child\/","url_meta":{"origin":433,"position":2},"title":"JULIA CHILD","author":"Dominique Brown","date":"May 1, 2016","format":false,"excerpt":"JULIA CHILD October 20-21, 1976 Julia Child, seen here posing in her Richmond hotel room, was known for bringing various cooking utensils on her tours, as she found that the hotels and demonstration sites were often not equipped with the tools she needed. The self-made star who brought \u201chigh-end\u201d French\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Famous Visitors&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Famous Visitors","link":"https:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/greetingsfromrichmond\/category\/famous-visitors-2\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blog.richmond.edu\/greetingsfromrichmond\/files\/2016\/04\/Julia-Child.png?fit=605%2C900&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blog.richmond.edu\/greetingsfromrichmond\/files\/2016\/04\/Julia-Child.png?fit=605%2C900&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blog.richmond.edu\/greetingsfromrichmond\/files\/2016\/04\/Julia-Child.png?fit=605%2C900&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x"},"classes":[]},{"id":344,"url":"https:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/greetingsfromrichmond\/2016\/05\/01\/mickey-mantle-and-yogi-berra\/","url_meta":{"origin":433,"position":3},"title":"MICKEY MANTLE AND YOGI BERRA","author":"Dominique Brown","date":"May 1, 2016","format":false,"excerpt":"MICKEY MANTLE AND YOGI BERRA 1954-1964 On April 8, 1954, the Yankees came to Richmond. Led by center fielder Mickey Mantle and catcher Yogi Berra, the team was playing an exhibition game against its newly acquired minor-league organization, the Richmond Virginians, at Parker Field on the Boulevard. The \u201cVees,\u201d making\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Famous Visitors&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Famous Visitors","link":"https:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/greetingsfromrichmond\/category\/famous-visitors-2\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blog.richmond.edu\/greetingsfromrichmond\/files\/2016\/04\/YogiMantle.png?fit=703%2C900&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blog.richmond.edu\/greetingsfromrichmond\/files\/2016\/04\/YogiMantle.png?fit=703%2C900&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blog.richmond.edu\/greetingsfromrichmond\/files\/2016\/04\/YogiMantle.png?fit=703%2C900&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blog.richmond.edu\/greetingsfromrichmond\/files\/2016\/04\/YogiMantle.png?fit=703%2C900&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":88,"url":"https:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/greetingsfromrichmond\/2016\/04\/25\/city-of-commerce\/","url_meta":{"origin":433,"position":4},"title":"City of Commerce","author":"Alexandra Byrum","date":"April 25, 2016","format":false,"excerpt":"Though a city known for selling its historic past, Richmond has also been home to industry giants such as Reynolds Metals, Phillip Morris, and Capital One. Richmond is remembered for being a cigarette industry town, which is captured in the postcards displayed of laborers and the Philip Morris and Liggett\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Tourism &amp; Richmond&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Tourism &amp; Richmond","link":"https:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/greetingsfromrichmond\/category\/tourism-richmond\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blog.richmond.edu\/greetingsfromrichmond\/files\/2016\/04\/commerce.jpg?fit=1200%2C759&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blog.richmond.edu\/greetingsfromrichmond\/files\/2016\/04\/commerce.jpg?fit=1200%2C759&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blog.richmond.edu\/greetingsfromrichmond\/files\/2016\/04\/commerce.jpg?fit=1200%2C759&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blog.richmond.edu\/greetingsfromrichmond\/files\/2016\/04\/commerce.jpg?fit=1200%2C759&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blog.richmond.edu\/greetingsfromrichmond\/files\/2016\/04\/commerce.jpg?fit=1200%2C759&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":85,"url":"https:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/greetingsfromrichmond\/2016\/04\/25\/city-of-leisure\/","url_meta":{"origin":433,"position":5},"title":"City of Leisure","author":"Alexandra Byrum","date":"April 25, 2016","format":false,"excerpt":"Richmond has long promoted itself as a cultural destination of the South, beckoning visitors with a variety of leisure opportunities. The postcards displayed here are images of Richmond throughout the years encompassing visitors\u2019 journeys. We see cards from luxurious hotels like the Jefferson and the John Marshall. Images of the\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Tourism &amp; Richmond&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Tourism &amp; Richmond","link":"https:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/greetingsfromrichmond\/category\/tourism-richmond\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blog.richmond.edu\/greetingsfromrichmond\/files\/2016\/04\/leisure.jpg?fit=1200%2C758&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blog.richmond.edu\/greetingsfromrichmond\/files\/2016\/04\/leisure.jpg?fit=1200%2C758&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blog.richmond.edu\/greetingsfromrichmond\/files\/2016\/04\/leisure.jpg?fit=1200%2C758&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blog.richmond.edu\/greetingsfromrichmond\/files\/2016\/04\/leisure.jpg?fit=1200%2C758&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blog.richmond.edu\/greetingsfromrichmond\/files\/2016\/04\/leisure.jpg?fit=1200%2C758&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/greetingsfromrichmond\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/433","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/greetingsfromrichmond\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/greetingsfromrichmond\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/greetingsfromrichmond\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2932"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/greetingsfromrichmond\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=433"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/greetingsfromrichmond\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/433\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/greetingsfromrichmond\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=433"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/greetingsfromrichmond\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=433"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/greetingsfromrichmond\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=433"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}