{"id":67,"date":"2020-04-26T21:16:28","date_gmt":"2020-04-27T01:16:28","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/chemistryofcooking\/?page_id=67"},"modified":"2021-05-28T11:40:22","modified_gmt":"2021-05-28T15:40:22","slug":"biscotti","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/chemistryofcooking\/lab-schedule\/lab-3-biscotti-or-chocolate-chip-cookies\/biscotti\/","title":{"rendered":"Biscotti"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;Biscotti&#8221; is the plural form of\u00a0<em>biscotto.<\/em>\u00a0The word originates from the\u00a0medieval Latin\u00a0word\u00a0<em>biscoctus<\/em>, meaning &#8220;twice-cooked.&#8221; It defined oven baked goods that were baked twice, so they were very dry and could be stored for long periods of time.\u00a0In modern Italian, the word\u00a0<em>biscotti<\/em>\u00a0refers to any cookie or cracker, just as does the British use of the word &#8220;biscuit&#8221;. The number of bakings or hardness is not relevant to the term. In\u00a0America, the term &#8220;biscotti&#8221; refers only to the specific Italian cookie.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-171\" src=\"http:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/chemistryofcooking\/files\/2020\/04\/Biscott_3_2017.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"307\" height=\"230\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;\"><em>~these biscotti were made by Sp 2017 students<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p>Supposedly, the most ancient Italian\u00a0<em>biscotti<\/em>\u00a0contained no fat of any kind which yield a very dry, very hard biscuit. Traditionally, ground almonds were mixed with sugar, eggs and flour; the dough was baked, sliced, and then baked again &#8211; hence, &#8220;twice baked&#8221;.\u00a0The modern versions of biscotti are still firm, but they tend to be less &#8220;jaw-breaking&#8221; due to the addition of fat.\u00a0Many Italians claim that the north of Italy more commonly used butter in their cooking, while the Mediterranean climate of\u00a0Southern Italy made olive trees abundant, and olive oil the preferred fat.<\/p>\n<p>In this lab, you\u00a0will make both kinds and then compare them.<\/p>\n<p><span id=\"el_id_75\">Variations:<\/span>\u00a0Traditionally, Meyer lemons are used for this dish, and the type of olive oil changes the flavor. Additionally, you can add a tiny bit of salt to the top of the biscotti before the second baking to add another layer of flavor.<\/p>\n<h3><strong>Materials<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Baking Sheet<\/li>\n<li>Sturdy spoon or spatula for mixing<\/li>\n<li>large mixing bowl<\/li>\n<li>measuring cups and spoons<\/li>\n<li>parchment paper<\/li>\n<li>sharp knife for chopping<\/li>\n<li>serrated knife for slicing<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Ingredients<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<table style=\"height: 745px; float: left;\" border=\"2\" width=\"743\" cellspacing=\"1\" cellpadding=\"2\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<h4>&#8220;Southern Italian&#8221; olive oil biscotti<\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<h4>Butter biscotti<\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\">1\/2 cup\u00a0roasted almonds, coarsely chopped<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\">1 large egg<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\">grated zest of\u00a01\u00a0lemon<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\">1\/2 cup sugar<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\">1\/4 cup olive oil\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\">1\u00a0and 1\/4 cups all-purpose flour, spooned and leveled<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\">1\/2 teaspoon baking powder<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\">1\/4 teaspoon table salt<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\">1\/2 teaspoon pure almond extract<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\">1\/2 teaspoon vanilla extract<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\">1\/2 cup\u00a0roasted almonds, coarsely chopped<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\">1 large egg<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\">grated zest of one\u00a0lemon<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\">1\/2 cup sugar<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\">4 tbsp\u00a0unsalted butter, melted<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\">1\u00a0and 1\/4 cups all-purpose flour,\u00a0spooned and leveled<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\">1\/2 teaspoon baking powder<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\">1\/4 teaspoon table\u00a0salt<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\">1\/2 teaspoon pure almond extract<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\">1\/2 teaspoon vanilla extract<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><em>\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>Special Note<\/em>: If you have a tree nut allergy, complete the Chocolate Chip Cookie recipe instead.<\/p>\n<h2><strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Instructions<\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n<h3><em>When you see text in <span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><strong>boldface blue font<\/strong><\/span>. You should document that step with a photo within the narrative on your blog.<\/em><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><em>You are going to make two batches of biscotti with different fat sources: olive oil vs. butter. Complete the following procedure TWO TIMES, first with the olive oil recipe and then with the butter recipe.\u00a0<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"el_id_43\" class=\"row cmsblock\">\n<div id=\"el_id_46\" class=\"col-lg-11 col-sm-11 col-md-11 cmsblock\">\n<ol>\n<li>Preheat the oven to 350\u00b0F.<\/li>\n<li>Place the almonds on a baking sheet and toast them in the oven for 15 minutes, or <span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><strong>until they are well browned and fragrant<\/strong><\/span>. Remove them from the oven (but leave the oven on)\u00a0When the almonds are cool enough to handle,\u00a0chop them finely.<\/li>\n<li>Combine the eggs, lemon zest, sugar,<strong> olive oil or butter<\/strong>, almond extract and vanilla in a bowl, and whisk together thoroughly.<\/li>\n<li>In another\u00a0bowl, combine\u00a0together the chopped\u00a0almonds, flour, baking powder, and salt. Gradually add the flour mixture to the egg mixture, stirring thoroughly with a spoon. You may find that the olive oil biscotti needs a bit more flour. Add a little at a time by the teaspoon <strong><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">until the dough is stiff.<\/span><\/strong><\/li>\n<li>Scoop each\u00a0dough out onto a parchment paper\u2013lined baking sheet, and s<strong><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">hape it into a log about 6-8 inches long, 1 inch high, and 3 inches wide<\/span><\/strong>. The dough should be sticky, but not flowing wet\u2014you may need to wet your hands slightly with water in order to work with it.<\/li>\n<li>Bake for 14 minutes. Rotate the baking sheet and bake for 14 more minutes. Remove from the oven and let the logs cool on the baking sheet for 12 to 15 minutes.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-170\" src=\"http:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/chemistryofcooking\/files\/2020\/04\/Biscott_2_2017.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"202\" height=\"270\" \/><\/p>\n<h3>\u00a0Twice Baked<\/h3>\n<ol>\n<li>Reduce the oven temperature to 250\u00b0F.<\/li>\n<li>Transfer the logs to a cutting board. Using a serrated knife,<strong><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"> slice the logs into \u00bd-inch-thick biscotti.<\/span><\/strong> Put the biscotti on a\u00a0parchment-lined baking sheet, spacing them \u00bd-inch apart. Bake for 7 minutes. Rotate the baking sheet and bake for 7 more minutes, or until the biscotti are slightly crisp on the exposed sides. Transfer them to a wire rack and let them cool completely.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-106\" src=\"http:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/chemistryofcooking\/files\/2020\/04\/Biscotti_2017.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"466\" height=\"349\" \/><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2><strong><span style=\"color: #800000;\">On your blog:<\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>For your Blog:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Integrate the photos you took (above) with a narrative about your process.\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><strong>Take Final photos <\/strong><\/span>\n<ol>\n<li>Side-by-side of your completely cooled olive oil biscotti (labeled) and butter biscotti (labeled)<\/li>\n<li>Take a closeup photo of the biscotti interior, showing the texture.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span style=\"color: #800080;\">Post a brief video<\/span>\u00a0<\/strong>in which&#8230;\n<ol>\n<li>You describe the\u00a0texture of the olive oil vs butter biscotti &#8211; crunchy vs soft? crumbly?<\/li>\n<li>Describe what went really well\u00a0during your biscotti making<\/li>\n<li>What would you change if you repeated this process again.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Answer the following questions by copy\/pasting the question and typing your answer on your blog:<\/strong>\n<ol>\n<li>Why is butter a solid at room temperature while olive oil is a liquid.<\/li>\n<li>Butter is a fat that contains ~15% water, compared to olive oil (or shortening) which contains &lt; 1% water. Read about the effects of this water content at this page (<a title=\"Water Activity and Cookie Softness\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/chemistryofcooking\/water-activity-and-cookie-softness\/\" data-api-endpoint=\"https:\/\/muhlenbergcollege.instructure.com\/api\/v1\/courses\/10661\/pages\/water-activity-and-cookie-softness\" data-api-returntype=\"Page\">Water Activity and Cookie Softness)<\/a> and then explain the textures of the two different types of biscotti.<\/li>\n<li>When mixing the ingredients you added the flour mixture slowly to the fat\/oil mixture. What effect does the fat\/oil have on gluten formation in the dough? What about your biscotti supports your conclusion?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div id=\"el_id_68\" class=\"row cmsblock\">\n<div id=\"el_id_71\" class=\"col-lg-11 col-sm-11 col-md-11 cmsblock\">\n<p>References:<a href=\"http:\/\/www.italianfoodforever.com\/2011\/11\/the-ever-popular-biscotti\/\">http:\/\/www.italianfoodforever.com\/2011\/11\/the-ever-popular-biscotti\/<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>&nbsp; &#8220;Biscotti&#8221; is the plural form of\u00a0biscotto.\u00a0The word originates from the\u00a0medieval Latin\u00a0word\u00a0biscoctus, meaning &#8220;twice-cooked.&#8221; It defined oven baked goods that were baked twice, so they were very dry and could be stored for long periods of time.\u00a0In modern Italian, the &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/chemistryofcooking\/lab-schedule\/lab-3-biscotti-or-chocolate-chip-cookies\/biscotti\/\">Continue reading <span class=\"meta-nav\">&rarr;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1230,"featured_media":0,"parent":304,"menu_order":1,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"coauthors":[142150],"class_list":["post-67","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/chemistryofcooking\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/67","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/chemistryofcooking\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/chemistryofcooking\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/chemistryofcooking\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1230"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/chemistryofcooking\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=67"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/chemistryofcooking\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/67\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1052,"href":"https:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/chemistryofcooking\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/67\/revisions\/1052"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/chemistryofcooking\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/304"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/chemistryofcooking\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=67"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/chemistryofcooking\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=67"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}