{"id":245,"date":"2021-08-16T14:23:12","date_gmt":"2021-08-16T18:23:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/chem205l\/?page_id=245"},"modified":"2021-08-16T14:26:42","modified_gmt":"2021-08-16T18:26:42","slug":"reflux-apparatus","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/chem205l\/reflux-apparatus\/","title":{"rendered":"Reflux Apparatus"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>Video: Introduction to Refluxing<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">The video below provides a brief introduction to the concept of refluxing and the apparatus setup.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/b6xFAEkjmGg\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">\u00a0<span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>Reflux Description<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>Many reactions are carried out at elevated temperature in a boiling solvent. To prevent the solvent from evaporating while the reaction proceeds, a <em>condenser<\/em> is placed on top of the vessel (Figure 1). Although there are several types of condensers, the most common is a water-cooled condenser that has an inner tube surrounded by a jacket through which tap water flows. As the vapors from the reaction mixture travel up through the cooler inner tube, they condense and flow back to the reaction vessel. This process is called <em>refluxing<\/em>.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_246\" style=\"width: 395px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-246\" class=\" wp-image-246\" src=\"http:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/chem205l\/files\/2021\/08\/Reflux-Apparatus.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"385\" height=\"402\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/chem205l\/files\/2021\/08\/Reflux-Apparatus.png 531w, https:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/chem205l\/files\/2021\/08\/Reflux-Apparatus-288x300.png 288w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 385px) 100vw, 385px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-246\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 1. Typical reflux apparatus. The heat source may vary.<\/p><\/div>\n<p>\u2022 Be sure to connect the condenser to the flask with a Keck clamp (blue plastic clamp).<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 Be sure to use a utility clamp to secure the flask or condenser to a ring stand or \u201cmonkey bars\u201d in the hood.<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 Be sure to connect the water hoses such that water flows into the condenser through the lower port and out through the upper port.<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 Be sure you choose an appropriate heat source based on the required temperature. Boiling temperature is generally best achieved by using a heating mantle, and a steady temperature below 100\u00b0C is generally best achieved using a hot water bath on a hot plate.<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 If using a water bath, the copper pots heat quickly and hold a steady temperature well. The temperature may be monitored using a thermometer and a thermometer clamp.<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 If heating with a heating mantle (Figure 2), be sure there is a snug fit between the flask and the heating mantle in order to achieve efficient heat transfer.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_247\" style=\"width: 433px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-247\" class=\" wp-image-247\" src=\"http:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/chem205l\/files\/2021\/08\/Heating-Mantle.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"423\" height=\"478\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/chem205l\/files\/2021\/08\/Heating-Mantle.png 463w, https:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/chem205l\/files\/2021\/08\/Heating-Mantle-266x300.png 266w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 423px) 100vw, 423px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-247\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 2. A heating mantle<\/p><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Video: Introduction to Refluxing The video below provides a brief introduction to the concept of refluxing and the apparatus setup. \u00a0Reflux Description Many reactions are carried out at elevated temperature in a boiling solvent. To prevent the solvent from evaporating &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/chem205l\/reflux-apparatus\/\">Continue reading <span class=\"meta-nav\">&rarr;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5206,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"coauthors":[175315],"class_list":["post-245","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/chem205l\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/245","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/chem205l\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/chem205l\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/chem205l\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5206"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/chem205l\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=245"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/chem205l\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/245\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":253,"href":"https:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/chem205l\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/245\/revisions\/253"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/chem205l\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=245"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.richmond.edu\/chem205l\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=245"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}